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VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 
OF AMERICA 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 

THEIR 
ACTIONS. USES AND DOSE 



BY 



GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S. 

Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduate from 
the Veterinary Department of the University of Toronto, Can- 
ada. Member of the Science Association of the Ontario Veter- 
inary College. Registrar of the Veterinary Science Association 
of America. Ten years of Practical Experience in Veterinary 
Medicine and Surgery. 




PUBLISHED BY THE 

VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 
OF AMERICA 



VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 
OF AMERICA 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 

THEIR 
ACTIONS. USES AND DOSE 



BY 



GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S. 

Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduate from 
the Veterinary Department of the University of Toronto, Can- 
ada. Member of the Science Association of the Ontario Veter- 
inary College. Registrar of the Veterinary Science Association 
of America. Ten years of Practical Experience in Veterinary 
Medicine and Surgery. 




PUBUSHED BY THE 

VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 
OF AMERICA 






COPYRIGHT 1917 

by the 

VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION 

OF AMERICA 



#3 






(Q)Ci. A -+ ■'' o 7 1 



JAN 22 1917 



PREFACE 

There is no scarcity of excellent works on Veterinary 
materia medica and Therapeutics. 

Many of these will well repay the student for the 
time spent in mastering them, but none seem to meet the 
wants of the Veterinary Practitioner and Student for 
whom this work is primarily intended. 

It has been my endeavor to find, and bring together 
in available form, some of the facts regarded as of value 
to those upon whom the stockman must depend, to a 
great extent, for important services when sickness comes 
upon our dumb friends — the domestic animals. 

A few publications have been consulted, and in some 
instances quoted. It has not been practicable to give 
proper credit for use of ideas and language in each in- 
stance, but a general acknowledgment is here made. 

List of publications consulted and in some instances quoted: 
United States Dispensatory (by Wood). 
Veterinary Medicines (by Dun). 

Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics (by Winslow). 
Veterinary Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology (by 
Quitman). 

George F. Korinek, V. S., B. V. S. 



SUMMARY OF VETERINARY MATERIA 

MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS AND 

TOXICOLOGY 

Materia Medica^ derived from two Latin words 
signifying medical material, the science which treats 
with medicine, their source or origin, their derivatives, 
physical and chemical properties, their method of prep- 
aration and administration, their dose, physiological and 
toxicological effects. 

Therapeutics, derived from the Greek, Therapevo, 
meaning to serve or attend the sick, is that branch of 
knowledge which treats of the application of all means — 
medical or otherwise — to the cure of disease or relief of 
pain. 

Toxicology, derived from the Greek Toxikon, a 
poison, is that branch of knowledge which treats of the 
nature, actions, detection and treatment of poisons. 

A medicine is an agent of animal, vegetable, or min- 
eral origin used for the cure of disease or relief of pain. 

Drug, derived from the Dutch, Droog, meaning dry, 
is now used synonymously with medicine although 
originally referring to an herb or dried medical plant. 

GENERAL ACTIONS OF MEDICINES 

Alterative. — A medicine that alters the process of 
nutrition, so as to overcome morbid conditions of the 
body as Arcenous Acid, Potassium Iodide, etc. 

Anaesthetic. — Medicines used to produce insensi- 
bility to pain, and they are divided into Local and Gen- 
eral Anaesthetics. 

General Anaesthetics. — Are inhaled and carried 
by the blood to the brain and spinal cord, where they 
paralyze the nerve centers, cause muscular relaxation 
and finally produce entire suspension of sensation and 
power of motion, together with a loss of consciousness, 
and apparent life, except breathing and the action of the 



O VETERINAEY MEDICINES 

heart. They comprise Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether and 
Chloroform, etc. 

Local Anaesthetics. — As a rule, are injected 
hypodermically or applied to open wounds. They cause 
temporary loss of local or circumscribed sensation by 
paralyzing the sensory nerves. When applied in the 
form of liniments they resemble anodynes, but act more 
promptly and profoundly. They comprise Cocaine, 
Eucaine, etc. 

Anai-gesic. — A medicine used to relieve pain, as 
Opium, etc. 

Anaphrodisiac— A medicine used to produce ab- 
sence or impairment of sexual appetite, as Potassium 
Bromide, etc. 

Anhidrotic. — A medicine that diminishes the secre- 
tion of persj^iration as Belladonna, etc. 

Anodyne. — A medicine that lessens sensibility to 
pain, by diminishing the excitability of nerve centers, 
as Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydrate, etc. 

Anodynes Local. — Are drugs that diminish pain 
bj^ acting locally on sensory nerves, and are applied 
in the form of a liniment over painful swellings, as 
Belladonna, Aconite, Opium, hot and cold packs, etc. 

Antacid. — A medicine that counteracts or neutral- 
izes acidity of the stomach or intestines as liquor Potas- 
sium, Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate, etc. 

Antagonistic. — A medicine w^hich counteracts the 
action of another medicine in the system, as would 
Potassium Bromide and Nux Vomica or Strychnine. 

Anthelmintic. — A medicine efficiently destroying 
or expelling worms or preventing their development, as 
Santonin, Arecae Nut, etc. 

Antidote. — A substance preventing or counteract- 
ing the action of a poison. Antidotes are distinguished 
as: chemical, those that change the chemical nature of the 
poison; mechanical, those that prevent absorption of 
poison; physiologic, those that counteract the effects of 
poison by producing other effects. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE / 

Antiemetic. — A medicine which prevents or arrests 
vomiting, as Bismuth Subnitrate. 

Antifebrile. — A medicine that reduces tempera- 
ture, as Acetanilid, etc. 

Antiferement. — A medicine which prevents the 
formation of gases, as Sodium Bicarbonate, Turpen- 
tine, etc. 

Antigaxactic— A medicine which lessens the secre- 
tion of milk, as Belladonna, Tannin, etc. 

Antiparasitic. — An agent which destroys and re- 
pels insects, as essential oils, powdered tobacco, sulphur 
and naphthaiin, etc. 

Antiperiodic. — A medicine that tends to prevent the 
periodic recurrence of a disease, as Quinine Sulphate, 
Arsenous Acid, etc. 

Antiperistaltic or Antiperist^u:.sis. — Are medi- 
cines that produce compression of peristalsis or the 
worm-like movement of the intestines by which method 
the alimentary canal propels its contents, as Opium. 

Antiphlogistic. — A medicine or agent subduing 
or reducing inflammation or fever, as in bloodletting, 
applications of cold packs or the administration of 
Aconite, Acetanilide, etc. 

Antirheumatic. — A medicine tliat prevents or 
cures rheumatism, as Sodium Salicylates, etc. 

Antipyretic. — A medicine which reduces body tem- 
perature in fever, as Quinine Sulphate, Salicylic Acid, 
etc. 

Antiseptic. — A medicine which arrests putrefaction 
on or in the body, or hinders septic decomposition by kill- 
ing the germs that produce it or by checking their de- 
velopment, as Carbolic Acid, Zinc Sulphocarbolates, etc. 

Antispasmodic. — A medicine which prevents or re- 
moves spasmodic contraction of voluntary or involun- 
tary muscles, as Belladonna, Valerian, Chloral Hydrate, 
etc. 

Antitoxin. — A counter poison or antidote gener- 
ated within the body to counteract the toxins of bacteria. 
Antitoxins are frequently injected hypodermically in 



8 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

the treatment of certain infectious diseases and also to 
immunize against disease, as Tetanus Antitoxin for the 
treatment of tetanus or lockjaw, etc. 

Antivenene. — A name applied to blood-serum of 
animals rendered immune against snake-poison owing 
to its antidotal properties. 

Antizymotic. — A medicine preventing fermenta- 
tion, as Salicylic Acid, etc. 

Aperient. — A medicine possessing a mild laxative 
or purgative effect, as Rochelle Salts, etc. 

Aphrodisiac. — A medicine which stimulates sexual 
appetite, as Cantharides, Nux Vomiva, Phosphorus, Al- 
cohol and general tonics, etc. 

Aromatic. — A medicine characterized by a fragrant 
taste or odor, as Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Ginger 
and the essential oils, etc. 

Astringent. — A medicine which contracts vessels 
and arrests discharges, as Tannic Acid, Ergot, etc. 

Auxiliary. — A medicine that assists the action of 
another, as Chloral Hydrate would assist Bromide of 
Potassium in checking excitability. 

Bitter. — A medicine with a bitter taste, stimulating 
the gastro-intestinal secretions without materially affect- 
ing the general system, as Qussia Gentian, etc. 

Blennorrhagic. — A medicine which increases the 
secretions of mucus, as Eucalyptus, Balsam Tulo, etc. 

Blister. — Aii agent which, when applied over the 
skin, produces vesicles resulting from local inflamma- 
tory exudate of serous fluid between the epidermis and 
true skin, as applications of Cantharides, etc. 

Bolus. — A large pill or a round mass of food pre- 
pared by the mouth for swallowing. 

BouiLON. — A nutritive medium for the culture of 
micro-organisms prepared from finely chopped beef or 
beef extract. 

Cachexia. — A deprived condition of general nutri- 
tion, due to serious diseases, as Tuberculosis, Serofula, 
Syphilis, Cancer, etc. 

Caeefacient. — A medicine applied externally to 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE V 

produce a sensation of warmth to the part to which it 
is apphed, as Turpentine, Mustard, Capsicum, etc. 

Calmant. — A medicine that reduces functional ac- 
tivity, as Bromide of Potassium, Aconite, etc. 

Calmative. — A medicine which has a quieting or a 
sedative effect, as Morphine, Cannibus Indica, etc. 

Calorifacient or Calorific. — A heat producing 
substance which has the power of developing heat in the 
body, as Cod Liver and Olive Oil, Fats, etc. 

Cardiac Depressant or Sedative. — A medicine 
which lessens the force and frequency of the heart's 
action as Aconite, Potassium Nitrate, etc. 

Cardiac Sti]mulant. — A medicine that increases 
the force and frequency of the heart's action when in a 
depressed condition, as Alcohol, Nux Vonica, Ether, etc. 

Cardiac Tonics. — Are medicines that do not act 
as quickly as cardiac stimulants, but they strengthen the 
heart muscles which regulate pulsation, as Digitalis, 
Nux Vomica, etc. 

Carminative. — A medicine that allays pain by caus- 
ing the expulsion of gases from the alimentary canal, as 
Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Asafetida, Turpen- 
tine, etc. 

Cataleptic. — A medicine causing animals to lose 
control of their muscles, as Cannibus Indica, etc. 

Catalytic. — A medicine supposed to break down, 
destroy or counteract morbid agencies existing in the 
blood, as Calomel, Arcenous Acid, etc. 

Cathartic. — A medicine which hastens the evacua- 
tion of the bowels, as Aloes, Castor Oil, etc. 

Cathartic Cholagogue. — A medicine that stimu- 
lates the evacuation of the intestines and the flow of 
bile at the same time, as Podophyllin, etc. 

Cathartic Drastic. — A medicine which produces 
violent action of the intestines with griping and pain, 
as Jalap, Arecoline, etc. 

Cathartic Hydragogue. — A medicine that causes 
abundant watery discharges of feces, as Commony 
Elaterium, etc. 



10 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Cathartic Saline. — A medicine which increases 
intestinal secretions and prevents re-absor}Dtion, and 
mechanically excites peristaltic action, as j\Iagnesium 
Sulphate, etc. 

Cathartic Simple. — A medicine that is more active 
then a laxative, but is accompanied by some griping; it 
causes active T>eristalsis and larger and softer stools than 
laxatives, as Rhubarb, Aloes, etc. 

Caustic— A medicine or agent used to destroy liv- 
ing tissue, as Caustic Potash, Silver Nitrate, etc. 

Cautery. — An agent used to sear or burn living 
tissue, with a cauteiy or a caustic, as a hot iron or Nitric 
Acid, etc. 

Cautery Actual. — A metal instrument heated by 
an electric current or by flame, used to destroy bone or 
muscular tissue or for producing counter-irritation, 
much preferred to seatons in diseases of the bones es- 
pecially of tlieir joints, as in Bone Spavin, Ringbone, 
etc., also valuable in the treatment of sprained tendons. 
The methods used are either puncture or line firing. 

Cautery Poten^peal. — A chemical used for de- 
stroying or cauterizing flesh, as Nitric Acid, etc. 

Chalybeate. — A medicine containing iron, as Tinc- 
ture Chlorid of Iron. 

Condiment. — A medicine used to improve palata- 
bility of food, as Fenugreek, Aniseed, Salt, Pepper, etc. 

CoNSERVATi\T. — A medicine or substance used for 
the preservation of other medicines without loss, as Al- 
cohol, Honey, etc. 

Constringent. — A medicine which causes contrac- 
tion of organic tissues, as Tannin, etc. 

CoNvuLSANT. — A mcdiciuc which causes violent and 
unnatural contractions of muscles (convulsions) as Nux 
Vomica or its derivative, etc. 

Cordial.— A medicine which increases the strength 
and raises the vitality when depressed, as Aromatic 
Spirits of Ammonia, Alcohol, etc. 

CoRRECTi\^ or CoRRECTANT. — A substaucc used to 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 11 

modify or make pleasant the action of a cathartic or 
other medicines, as Acacia, Coriander, etc. 

Corrosive. — A substance that destroys organic tis- 
sue either by direct chemical means or by causing inflam- 
mation and suppuration, as Mercuric Chloride, Nitric 
Acid, etc. 

Counter Irritant. — A substance or medicine which 
produces sui^erficial inflammation artificially in order 
to exercise a good effect, by stimulating functional 
activity of a part, thus promoting repair upon some 
adjacent or deep-seated morbid process, as Blistering 
or Firing, etc. 

Cumulative Poison. — A medicine which finally 
acts as a poison after several successive doses have been 
taken with little or no apparent effect, as Arsenic, 
Strychnine, etc. 

Debilitant. — A medicine which diminishes the en- 
ergy of organs, as Bromide of Potassium, Lobelia, etc. 

Defervescent. — A medicine that reduces tempera- 
ture, as Quinine Sulphate, Aconite, etc. 

Deliriant or Delirifacent. — A medicine which 
produces delirium, as Opium, Stramonium, Alcohol, etc. 

Demulcent. — A mucilaginous or oily, soothing 
blend to protect irritated skin or mucous membranes, as 
Carron Oil, White of an Egg, etc. 

Deobstruent. — A medicine which removes func- 
tional obstructions in the body, as Castor Oil, Magne- 
sium Sulphate, Aloes, etc. 

Deodorant or Deodorizer. — A substance to con- 
ceal or destroy foul odors, as Crude Carbolic Acid, 
Chloride of Lime, etc. Noxious odors may also be de- 
stroyed and absorbed with freshly burnt charcoal or dry 
earth. 

Depletory. — A medicine which diminishes the 
quantity of liquid in the body, as Iodide or Nitrate of 
Potassium, etc. 

Depressant. — A medicine which lessens vital power, 
as Opium, Aconite, etc. 



12 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Depresso-Motor. — A medicine that depresses motor 
activity, as Sodium or Potassium Bromide, etc. 

Depurant. — A medicine for cleaning foul wounds 
and abscesses, as Hydrogen Peroxide, etc. 

Depuratory. — A medicine which purifies the blood, 
as Sulphur, Iodide Potassium, etc. 

Dermatic. — A medicine used in diseases of the skin, 
as Resorcinol, Zine Oxide, etc. 

Derivative. — A substance used in drawing away 
blood or liquid exudates from diseased parts by creat- 
ing an extra demand for them in some other part of the 
body, as Mustard, Capsicum, Cantharides, etc. 

Desiccant. — A medicine used for drying up sores, 
as Tannic Acid, Boric Acid, etc. 

Desiccati\^. — A medicine which dries up secretions, 
as Zinc Oxide, Camphor, etc. 

Desiccatory. — A medicine used externally to dry 
up moisture or fluids from wounds, as Tannic Acid, 
Starch, etc. 

Desquamation. — A medicine which removes scales 
from the skin, bones and mucous membranes, as Potas- 
sium Iodide, etc. 

Deter(jent. — A substance for purifying and cleans- 
ing wounds, ulcers, as Hydrogen Peroxide, Soap and 
Water, etc. 

Diaphoretic. — A medicine which causes an in- 
creased amount of perspiration, as Pilocarpine, Ginger, 
etc. 

Diarrhetic. — A substance or medicine which causes 
increased frequency and lessened consistency of fecal 
evacuations, as Mandrake. 

Dietetic. — A medicine having nutritious properties, 
as Olive or Cod Liver Oil, etc. 

Digestant. — A medicine that assists digestion of 
food, in the mouth, stomach or intestines, as Pancratin, 
Pepsin, etc. 

Digestive. — A medicine which promotes the process 
of digestion, as Gentian, Qussia, Nux, Vomica, etc. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 13 

Diluent. — A medicine that dilutes the secretions of 
organs, as Magnesium Sulphate, Gamboge, Arecoline, 
etc. 

DiscuTiENT. — A substance or medicine having the 
power of causing an exudation to disappear, as Iodide 
of Potassium, Red Iodide of Mercury, etc. 

Disinfectant. — A medicine which destroys septic 
poisons of communicable diseases; its special function 
is to kill or hinder the development of those germs or 
bacteria which produce diseases, as Carbolic Acid, 
Chloride of Lime, Formaldehyde, etc. 

Dissolvent. — A medicine that promotes solution of 
tissues of the body, as Potassium Iodide, etc. 

Diuretic. — A medicine that increases the secretions 
of the urinary organs, as Potassium Nitrate, Buchu, 
Turpentine, Spirits Ether Nit, etc. 

Drastic. — A medicine having a severe purgative or 
cathartic effect on the bowels, as Croton Oil, etc. 

Ebolic. — A medicine causing contraction of the 
uterus, and thus producing abortion, as Ergot, etc. 

Electuary. — A substance used to lessen irritability 
or increase the palatability of medicines, as Sugar, 
Honey, Molasses, Water, etc. 

Eliminative. — A medicine having power of expell- 
ing or casting out, especally waste products, as Areco- 
line, Magnesium Sulphate, etc. 

Emetic— A substance or medicine having the power 
to induce vomiting, as Apomorphine, Ipecac, etc. 

Emmenagogue. — A medicine which stimulates 
menstrual flow, as Potassium Permanganate, etc. 

Emollient. — A substance used externally to soften, 
sooth and relax parts to which they are applied as veg- 
etable poultices, oils, etc. 

Epispostic. — A medicine producing a blister, as 
Cantharides, Aqua Ammonia Fort, etc. 

Errhine. — A medicine that increases nasal secre- 
tions, as Formalin, Capsicum, etc. 

EvACUANT. — A medicine which causes the emptying 



14 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

of an organ, especially the bowels, as Magnesium Sul- 
phate, Aloes, etc. 

Excitant. — A medicine that arouses functional ac- 
tivity, as Nux Vomica, Alcohol, etc. 

ExHiLARANT. — A mcdiciuc which cheers or stimu- 
lates the mind, as Strychinine, Alcohol, etc. 

Expectorant. — A medicine that acts upon the 
pulmonary mucous membranes to increase or alter its 
secretions, as Lobelia, Chloride of Ammonia, etc. 

Febrifuge. — A medicine which lessens bodily tem- 
perature, as Quinine, Acetanilid, Aconite, etc. 

Fumigation. — Is a process of disinfection by ex- 
posure to the fumes of a vaporizing disinfectant, as 
Formaldehyde. 

Galactagogue. — A medicine or substance which 
stimulates the secretions of the mammary glands, there- 
by increasing the flow of milk, as Segenaroot, Pilocar- 
pine, etc. 

Germicide. — A medicine which destroys germs of 
any kind whether bacilli, spirilli or micrococci, as Bi- 
chloride Mercury, Carbolic Acid, etc. 

Hematinic. — A medicine that increases the propor- 
tion of hematin or coloring matter in the blood, as Iron, 
Arsenic, etc. 

Hemolytic. — A medicine which causes the breaking 
down of the blood corpuscles, as Mineral Acids. 

Hemostatic. — A medicine which stops bleeding, as 
Tincture Chloride of Iron, Ergot, etc. 

Hepatic Depressant or Sedative. — A medicine 
that decreases the function of the liver, as Plumbi 
Acetate, Morphine, etc. 

Hepatic Stimui-ant. — A medicine which increases 
the functions of the liver, as Calomel, Podophyllin, etc. 

HiDROTic OR Hydrotic. — A medicine that stimu- 
lates perspiration (sweat), as Pilocarpine, Spirits Ether 
Nit., etc. 

Hydragogue. — A medicine which causes full watery 
evacuations from the bowels, as Arecoline, Gamboge, 
etc. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 15 

Hypnotic. — A medicine which produces sleep, as 
Chloral Hydrate, Morphine, Potassium Bromide, etc. 

Hyposthenic. — A medicine which causes weakness, 
debility, as Lobelia. 

Idiosyncrasy. — A peculiarity of constitution that 
makes one person or animal react differently to medi- 
cines or other influences from most persons or animals. 

Insecticide. — A substance used to destroy insects, 
as unrefined carbolic acid, benzine, etc. 

Intoxicant. — A drug which excites or stupifies, as 
alcohol, etc. 

Irritant. — A medicine or agent causing heat, pain 
and tension due to the increased flow of blood to the part, 
as heat, mustard, etc. 

Lactagogue.— A medicine which increases the flow 
of milk, as extract of malt, jaborandi, etc. 

Laxative. — A medicine that loosens the bowels; a 
mild cathartic or purgative, as potassium nitrate, sul- 
phur, etc. 

Lenitive. — A substance having the quality to re- 
lieve pain or protecting tissues from the actions of irri- 
tants, as fats, oils, etc. 

Liquefacient. — A medicine which promotes the 
liquefying processes of the system, as potassium iodide, 
etc. 

Lithagogue. — A medicine which expels calculi (or 
stones) from the kidneys or bladder, as benzoic acid, etc. 

LiTHOLYTic or LiTHONTRiPTic. — A mcdiciuc to dis- 
solve ealculi (or stones) as benzoate of ammonia, car- 
bonate of potassium, etc. 

Lubricant. — A substance which soothes irritated 
surfaces of the throat and their fauces, as honey, olive 
oil, etc. 

Medicament. — Any medicine used in the treatment 
of diseases or wounds. 

Medicine. — Any substance for the cure of disease. 

Mydriatic. — An agent which dilates or enlarges 
the pupil of the eye, whether used internally or external- 
ly, as atrophine. 



16 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Myotic. — Any agent that contracts the pupil of the 
eye, whether applied to the eye or taken by the mouth, 
as eserine, arecoline, etc. 

Narcotic. — A medicine which produces sleep and 
relieves pain, but first cause cerebral excitement, as 
chloroform, ether, belladonna and alcohol, etc. 

Nephritic. — A medicine used in diseases of the kid- 
neys, as buchu, uva ursi, etc. 

Nervine. — A medicine that calms nervous excite- 
ment or acts favorably in nervous diseases, as potas- 
sium bromide, chloral hydrate, etc. 

Nutrient.- — A medicine which builds up the waste 
tissues of the system, as cod liver oil, general tonics, etc. 

Obtundent. — Any agent which relieves irritation or 
reduces sensibility, as opium, poultices, etc. 

Odontalgic. — Any substance for the relief of tooth- 
ache, as oil of cloves, morphine, etc. 

Odorant. — Any substance with a pronounced odor, 
as naphthaline, asafoetida, etc. 

Opiate. — A drug which causes sleep, as chloral 
hydrate, opium, etc. 

Oxytocic. — Any agent that produces parturition, 
as cotton root, ergot, etc. 

Panacea. — A medicine curing all diseases; a cure 
all, as some patent medicines. 

Parasiticide. — A substance that destroys various 
animal and vegetable organisms or parasites which live 
upon the surface of the body, as mercurial and sulphur 
ointment, etc. 

Parturient or Parturifacient. — Any agent as- 
sisting in the birth of the young, as ergot. 

Peristaltic- — A medicine which increases the move- 
ments of the longitudinal and transverse muscular fibers 
of the intestines and assists them in expelling their con- 
tents as nux vomica, arecoline. etc. 

Placebo. — Any medicine or inert substance given 
for the purpose of satisfying the patient, rather than for 
its medical effects, as sugar, fenugreek, anise, etc. 

Poison. — An agent that when introduced into the 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 17 

body either destroys life or impairs seriously the func- 
tions of one or more of its organs, as potassium cyanide, 
hydrocyanic acid, etc. 

Potential. — A medicine which possesses restora- 
tive effects, but is delayed in its effects, as potassium 
iodide, arsenic, etc. 

Preservative. — A substance which prevents decom- 
position of another substance, as acetanilid, borac acid, 
etc. 

Preventive or Prophylactic. — A medicine or 
method that tends to prevent disease, as quinine for the 
prevention of malaria, vaccine, hygienics, etc. 

Protective. — A substance used for protecting the 
parts to which it is applied, as collodion, etc. 

Pungent. — Any substance producing a sharp, 
pinching, penetrating effect, as ammonia. 

PuRGx\TivE. — A medicine causing copious evacua- 
tions of the bowels. (See Cathartics.) 

PusTULANT. — A medicine which irritates and gives 
rise to the formation of pustules, as cantharides, croton 
oil, etc. 

Recuperati\te — A medicine which restores health 
and energy, as extract of malt, cod liver oil, etc. 

Refrigerant. — A medicine or agent having cool- 
ing properties or the power of lowering internal or ex- 
ternal temperature, as potassium nitrate, aconite, cold 
water, etc. 

Relaxant. — A substance which causes relaxation of 
muscular tissues, as chloroform, chloral, etc. 

Reparative. — A substance used to restore debili- 
tated tissues of the body, as general tonics, nitrogenous 
foods, etc. 

Resolvent. — A substance indicated in the treat- 
ment or absorption of hard, callous tissue, as iodine and 
its preparations. 

Restorati^^. — A medicine that aids in restoring the 
health, as nux vomica, arsenic, etc. 

Revulsant or Revulsive. — An agent which pro- 



1 8 VETERIXARY MEDICINES 

duces irritation and draws fluids from other parts dis- 
eased, as poultices, cantharides, etc. 

Rubefacient. — A medicine or agent causing irrita- 
tion and redness of the skm, as turj^entine, mustard, etc. 

Sedative. — A medicine which diminishes functional 
activity, as potassium or ammonium bromide, etc. 

Septic. — An agent causing poisoning resulting from 
the absorption of products of putrefaction, as bacteria. 

Sialogogue. — A medicine stimulating the flow of 
saliva, as pilocarpine, arecoline, ginger, capsicum, etc. 

Somnifacient or Soporific. — A medicine which 
produces drowsiness and sleep, as morphine, chloral 
hydrate, potassium, bromide, etc. 

Sorbefacient. — A medicine used to produce abor- 
tion, as ergot. 

Specific. — A medicine or agent which has a distinct 
curative influence on an individual disease, as potassium 
iodide, in actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) or oxygen in 
milk fever, etc. 

Stimulant. — A medicine which quickens or in- 
creases functional activity, as stryclmine, ammonium 
carbonate, alcohol, etc. 

Stomachic. — A medicine which increases functional 
activity of the stomach, as quassia gentian, etc. 

Stomatic. — A medicine used in diseases of the 
mouth, as boric acid, potassium chlorate, alum, etc. 

SuPERFAciENT. — A mediciuc causing unconscious- 
ness from which the patient can be roused, as opium, 
bromide of potassiimi, etc. 

Styptic. — An agent that checks bleeding by caus- 
ing contraction of the blood vessels, as tincture chloride 
of iron, ergot, etc. 

Succedaneum. — A medicine which may be substi- 
tuted for another possessing similar properties, as 
chloral hydrate for potassium bromide, or aloes for lin- 
seed oil, etc. 

Sudorific. — A medicine or agent which produces an 
increased quantity of perspiration (sweat) as ginger 
pilocarpine, Dover's powders, etc. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 19 

SuppuRANT. — A medicine or agent promoting pus 
formation, as poultices, cantharides, croton oil, etc. 

Synergist. — A medicine which co-operates or assists 
the action of another, as chlorofonn with ether, can- 
tharides with red iodide of mercury, etc. 

Taenicide. — A medicine which destroys tape worms, 
as extract of male fern. 

Taenifuge. — A medicin'e which expels tape worms, 
as areca nut, pumpkin seed, oil of turpentine, etc. 

Tetanic. — A medicine or agent which increases the 
irritation of the spinal cord or muscles producing 
spasms, as strychnine, etc. 

Tonic. — A medicine promoting nutrition and giving 
strength to the body, as arsenic, cod liver oil, etc. 

Topic or Topical. — A substance or agent for ex- 
ternal use, appHed locally, as a liniment. 

Toxic. — A condition produced by a poison, as a re- 
sult of an over-dose of medicine or the absorption of 
bacterial products. 

Tricophyed. — A medicine promoting the growth of 
hair, as pilocarpine, cantharides, capsicum, etc. 

Uterine. — A medicine acting upon the uterus, as 
ergot. 

Vehicle. — A medicine or agent used as a medium or 
base for the administration of medicines, as syrups, oils, 
water, etc. 

Vermicide. — A medicine which destroys parasitic 
worms, as turpentine, iron sulphate, tobacco, creosote, 
etc. 

Vermifuge. — A medicine which expels parasitic 
worms, as arecoline, aloes, etc. 

Vesicant. — A medicine which forms justules con- 
taining white serum, as cantharides. 

Virus. — A poison of an infectious disease, especially 
one found in the system of an animal suffering from an 
infectious disease, as hog cholera, cowpox or rabies virus, 
etc. 

Vulnerary. — Any medicine or compound used in 
the treatment of wounds, as ointments, liniments, etc. 



20 VETERINARY MEDICINES 



ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES 

The following methods of administering medicines 
in order of their rapidity of absorption, beginning with 
the method by which absorption is most rapid, and fol- 
lowing with those by which absorption is less ra])id and 
finally least rapid: 1. Intravenous, by injection into 
veins. 2. By inhalation (volatile drugs). 3. Subcu- 
taneous, by injection into sul)cutaneous tissue. 4. In- 
tratracheal, by injection into the trachea {or wind pipe) . 
5. Oral, by the mouth. 6. Rectal, by the rectum. 7. 
Inunction, by the skin. 8. Intramammary injections. 

WHEN MEDICINES SHOULD BE 
ADMINISTERED 

The curative effects of medicines may be restrained, 
changed m form or prevented by untimely administra- 
tion. 

Medicines intended to act on the mucous membrane 
of the stomach should only be given when that organ is 
empty. If distant parts are to be affected in the most 
prompt and efficient manner and the medicine is free 
from distinct irritating qualities, it should be taken on 
an empty stomach; as w^hen digestion is going on, the 
contents of the stomach are acid in reaction and if 
alkalies are given combinations take place and salts are 
formed. If alkalies are given before digestion begins, 
diffusion of the acid-forming constituents of the blood 
takes place, and in this way the acidity of the gastric 
juice is promoted; likewise acids given before meals in- 
crease the diffusion of the alkaline constituents of the 
blood. 

METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES 

Drenching, bit, balling gun, capsule gun, bottle, 
dose syringe and hypodermic syringe. 

Anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper 
inhaler. 



ACTIOXS^ USES AND DOSE 21 

TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING 

APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT. 

20 Grains (Granum) (Gr. or Grs.)=l Scruple. 

3 Scruples (Scrupulum) (Sc.)=l Drachm (60 Grs.) 

8 Drachms (Drachma) (3)=1 Ounce. 

12 Ounces (Uncia) (S)=l Pound (lb) 

In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always 
express large quantities by ounces. 

APOTHECARIES' LIQUID MEASURE. 

60 Minims (Minimum) (M. or Ms.)=l Fluid Drachm. 

8 Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma) . (fl. 3)=1 Fluid Ounce. 
16 Fluid Ounces (Fluid Uncia) (fl. S):=l Pint. 

2 Pints (Octarius) (0.)=1 Quart. 

4 Quarts or 8 Pints^l Gallon (congius — C.) 

In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts^ (Qts.) is never 
used. If a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij). 

APPROPRIATE EQUIVALENTS OF WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC 

MEASURES. 

Teaspoon =3i. 

Dessert spoon =3ii. 
Table spoon =Bss. 
Cup =?iv. 

Tumbler — Bviii. 



TABLES FOR REGULATING THE DOSES FOR 
YOUNG ANIMALS 

HORSES. 

3 years old and upward, full dose. 
From IVz years old to 3 years, i/o dose. 
From 9 to 18 months old, % dose. 
From 41/^ to 9 months old, % dose. 
From 1 to 4 1/2 months old, -f^ dose. 

CATTLE. 

2 years old and upward, full dose. 
From 1 to 2 years' old, % dose. 
From % to 1 year, % dose. 
From 3 to 6 months, % dose. 
From 1 to 3 months, tV dose. 

SHEEP. 

2 years old and upward, full dose. 
From 1 to 2 years old, % dose. 
From % to 1 year, ^4 dose. 
From 3 to 6 months, % dose. 
From 1 to 3 months, ^^ dose. 



22 VETERINARY MEDICINES 



PIGS. 

1% years and upward, full dose. 
From 9 to 18 months old, % dose. 
From 4% to 9 months, Vi dose. 
From 2% to 4% months, % dose. 
From 1 to 2^/^ months, -^ dose. 

DOGS. 

From 1/^ to 1 year old, full dose. 
From 3 to 6 months, V2 dose. 
From IVo to 3 months, % dose. 
From 20 to 4.5 days, Vs dose. 
From 10 to 20 days, i\- dose. 



THE ART OF PRESCRIBING 

The prescription should be as brief and simple as 
possible. It should be explicit and clearly written. It 
may be expressed either in Latin or in English. The 
manner in which the medicine is to be used should be 
specified. Important instructions as to the rule, sys- 
tematic regulations or diet of the jDatient are sometimes 
necessary. 

Prescriptions usually contain two or more of the 
following four representative constituents: (1) The 
basis or active ingredients. The practice of conjoining 
several active medicines has wisely been abandoned. 
Occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give 
together two medicines producing their effects in some- 
what different ways. Thus, spasms of the bowels are 
more often effectually controlled by the conjunction of 
a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium than 
by either given alone. Pain which is not alleviated by 
either morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giv- 
ing them together. 1(2) The adjuvant is introduced in 
order to increase, moderate or modify the action of the 
basis. Frequently its chief object is to insure solubility 
and ready absorption. (3) A corrective is occasionally 
required to temper the effects of the basis. Thus a 
small dose of opium is prescribed w^ith oil or other lax- 
ative in cases of diarrhoea; ginger is generally added to 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 23 

the aloetic mass to prevent its griping. (4) The 
vehicle generally consists of some comparatively inert 
substance, added to facilitate administration, such as 
the treacle, linseed meal or licorice powder used as an 
excipient for boluses and pills, the benzoated lard or 
vaseline used for making ointments, and the water given 
in drenches. 

Example : 

Barb. Aloes Si- 
Calomel ii. 

Ginger 3ii. 

Molasses Bss. 

M. et fiat massa, in bolus 1. 
Sig. Give at once. 

— John Jones. 

In the above prescription aloes is the basis ; calomel 
as an adjuvant, ginger as a corrective, molasses as an 
excipient. 

A prescription is composed of several parts, which 
may be considered as follows : 

1. Heading. 

2. Names and quantities of drugs. 

3. Directions to compounder. 

4. Directions to attendant. 

5. Signature of writer. 

1. For Gray Tom. July 22, 1916. 

Cupri sulph., 

Ferri. sulph. exsic, aa. 5iss. 
Pulv. belladonna fol., 
Pulv. gentian rad. aa. 5iii. 

3. M. Ft. Chart No. XII. 

4. Sig. — One powder three or four times daily in syrup. 

— John Jones. 



24 VETERINARY MEDICINES 



ABBREVIATIONS 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

Words, phrases and abbreviations commonly used in prescription 
writing. 

R — means take tliou. 

M. — Misce, mix. 

Fiat — ma-ke. 

Ad. — add, to make. 

Et. — means and. 

Sig. — Signa, label, or write thus. 

Numerus — number. 

O. — Oclarius, a pint. 

Ter. — thrice. 

C. or Cong. — Congius, gallon. 

Dies. — diem, day. 

Q. S. — Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient quantity. 

Bene — well. 

q. s. ad. — quantity sufficient to make certain amount. 

Q. h. — quaqua — hora, every hour. 

aa. — ana. Of each. 

S. — Semis, means half. 

S. S. — Semi or Semissis means one-half. 

Cum. — with. 

Stat. — statim, immediately. 

B. I. D. — Bis in die. Twice daily, 

T. I. D., or T. D. — three times daily, Ter in die. 

Q. D. — quarter in die; four times daily. 

P. JE. — Partes sequales, equal parts. 

Div. — divide. 

Gtt. — Guttae, drops. 

Grs. — Grains. 

5 — Drachma, dram. 

3 — Uncia, ounce. 

M. — Minims about a drop. 

3 — Scruple. 

M. ft. — mistura fiat; let a mixture be made. 

Pil.— Pilula; pill. 

Destil. — Destilla; distill. 

Liq. — -liquor a solution. 

Pulv. — Pulvis; powder. 

FL— fluidus, fluid. 

Bol. — Bolus, large pill. 

Cola — strain. 

Filtra — filter. 

Capsula — cap. A capsule. 

Charta — chart. A paper (medicated). 

Dosis — Dos.. A dose. 

Massa — Mass. A pill — mass. 

Unguntum — Ungt. An ointment. 

Syrups — Syr. A syrup. 

Vinum.^ — Vin. A wine. 

Aqua fontana — Aq. font. — Spring water. 

Aqua, destillata— Aq. dest. — Distilled water. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE Z5 

ACIDUM BORICUM— BORACIC ACID— BORIC 

ACID 

Derivation. — Made by evaporation and crystalliza- 
tion of a solution obtained by passing steam issuing from 
rocks in volcanic regions of Italy, through water; or 
by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids upon 
borax. Recovered by filteration and recrystallization. 

Properties. — Transparent colorless scales, of a 
somewhat pearly luster, six-sided tricline ciystals, or a 
light white, very fine powder, slightly unctuous to the 
touch; odorless, having a faintly bitterish taste, and 
permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerine, 
etc. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; foals and 
calves, 20 to 30 grs. ; sheep and pigs, 30 to 40 grs. ; dogs, 
5 to 20 grs. 

PREPARATIONS 

GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI — GLYCER- 
ITE OF BOROGLYCERIN 

Composed of boric acid, 310 parts; glycerin to make 
1,000; prepared by heat (303° F.) . 

Actions. — Boric acid is a non-volatile, non-irritating 
antiseptic, deodorant and astringent, it arrests fermen- 
tation of minute organisms, free of irritating effects in 
solution, when a])plied to wounds; it lessens suppura- 
tion, and is as effective as carbolic acid; can be used in 
any strength from the pure powder or saturated solu- 
tion to the mildest form. 

Uses. — Boric acid is indicated for all purposes for 
which an antiseptic is used; it is used in diarrhoea in 
foals, calves and dogs, combined with other drugs; it 
has a slightly astringent action of itself ; it is excreted in 
the urine, consequently would exert its influence on the 
bladder in crystitis, cystic catarrh; 1 ]xart in 800 ])re- 
vents the development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin 
diseases, also used in keratitis and catarrhal and puru- 
lent conjunctivitis, six to ten grains to the ounce, with 
atropine or cocaine when very painful. Useful in dis- 



26 \t:terinary medicines 

temper of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an anti- 
septic. Boric acid is preferred to carbolic acid as an 
antiseptic for dogs. On account of the paralyzing ef- 
fect of carbolic acid on the nerves, it hmders the healing 
of wounds to a certain extent, while the boracic acid does 
not. 

Boric acid may be applied pure to wounds and sores 
or mixed with other suitable drugs as a dusting powder. 
Equal parts of boric acid and zinc oxide make a cheap 
and effective healing powder; to an itching wound the 
addition of an equal quantity of acetanilide increases its 
value. A saturated solution (four per cent) is useful 
as a vaginal and uterine douch and to flush the bladder 
in cystitis. 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM— CRUDE 
CARBOLIC ACID 

Derivation. — A liquid consisting of several dif- 
ferent constituents of coal tar, ]:)articularly cresol and 
phenol, obtained by fractional distillation. 

Properties. — A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown 
liquid of a strong disagreeable and creosote-like odor, 
and gradually turning darker on exposure to the air and 
light. Soluble in fifteen parts of water. 

PHENO— ACIDUM CARBOLICUM— 
CARBOLIC ACID 

Derivation. — Obtained from crude carbolic acid by 
agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F., and add- 
ing hydrochloric acid. Then by agitation with sodium 
chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and distilla- 
tion at a temperature between 336° F. and 374° F. and 
finally by crystallization. 

Properties. — Phenol in its pure state is a solid at 
ordinary temperatures, crystallizing in minute plates or 
long rhomboidal needles, white or colorless, of a 
peculiar odor recalling that of creosote, and an acrid 
burning taste. It is likely to be colored pinkish or brown 
under the influence of light and air. Soluble in about 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 27 

19.6 parts of water, and vei*y soluble in alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, glycerin, fixed and volatile oils. 

Actions. — Phenol in large and imdiliited doses is 
an irritant and narcotic poison ; it is used as an antiseptic, 
parasiticide, antiferment and sometimes used as a local 
anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 to 5 per cent solution ; also 
as a caustic, but should not be used as a caustic as a burn 
from it heals veiy slowly. 

Uses. — Internally as a gastric sedative in small doses 
for vomiting in dogs; is administered in various conta- 
gious and infectious diseases with the view of prevent- 
ing or arresting the development of micro-organisms ; it 
coagulates albumen, is not nearly so active as bichloride 
of mercury; 1 part to 500 parts of water prevents the 
grow^th of anthrax and other bacilli. Full doses pro- 
duce gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may end fatal- 
ly ; it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally 
and externally, it kills by paralyzing the muscles of 
respiration and the heart. It is chiefly eliminated from 
the system by the kidneys, giving the urine a brownish 
color. 

In Surgery. — A three to five per cent solution is 
used for washing out wounds, a two to three per cent 
for hands, and for itching of the skin, carbolic acid 
three or four drachms, glycerine two ounces to one pint 
of water. Do not use over large surface on dogs and 
not at all on cats. 

Phenol treatment for Tetanus, which has given very 
good results and I would recommend one drachm in 
three ounces of water, injected hypodermically in the 
region of neck and shoulder every two or three hours 
until twelve injections were given and less frequently 
thereafter. 

Doses. — Of the phenol: Horses and cattle, 10 to 
40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 grs. ; dogs, 14 to 1 gr., 
well diluted. 

Toxicology. — Dogs and cats are especially suscept- 
ible to the action of carbolic acid, therefore great care 



28 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

must be exercised when washing, especially cats, with 
any preparation containing carbolic acid. Disinfecting 
and deodorizing cat's quarters with any preparation con- 
taining carbolic acid makes them sick. 

Antidote. — Sulphates of soda or magnesia. Atro- 
pine sulphate hyodermically is a very valuable antidote. 
Alcohol and vinegar have been used with good results, 
both internally and externally. 

ACIDUM SALICYLICUM— SALICYLIC ACID 

An organic acid, existing naturally in combination 
in various plants, but largely prepared synthetically 
from car])olic acid. 

Derivation. — Made by passing carbonic dioxide 
through sodium carbolate at a tem])erature of 428° F. 
(220° C.) . 2 NaCoHsO (sodium carbolate ) + CO2 = 
Na2C7H403 (sodium salicylate) + CcHgO (phenol). 
Sodium salicylate is treated with hydrochloric acid when 
salicylic acid is precipitated. 

Properties. — Light, fine, white, needle-shaped 
crystals, odorless, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid 
taste; permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether and 
hot water; borax increases its solubility. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, 1/2 to 1 oz.; sheep, 
1 to 2 drs.; pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; should 
be given well diluted; large doses are recommended for 
fevers, but smaller doses more often repeated in rheu- 
matism. 

SODII SALICYLAS— SODIUM SALICYLAS 

Derivation. — IMade by the action of salicylic acid 
on sodium carbonate. The solution is filtered and 
heated to expel carbon dioxide. 

Properties. — A white amorphous or crystalline 
powder or scales ; odorless and having a sweetish, saline 
taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol and 
glycerine. 

Dose. — Same as for salicvlic acid. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 29 

PHENYLIS SALICYLAS— PHENYL SALICY- 
LATE (Salol) 

Derivation. — Made by heating salicylic and car- 
bolic acids with phosporous pentachloride. 

Properties. — A white crystalline powder; odor- 
less, or having a faintly aromatic odor, and almost taste- 
less. Permanent in air. Insoluble in water, soluble in 
ten parts of alcohol and readily soluble in chloroform. 

Dose. — Same as for salicylic acid. 

Actions. — Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and 
phenyl salicylate are powerful antiseptic, anti-rheu- 
matic, diaphoretic, cadiac depressant, antiferment and 
antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and 
astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange 
digestion; best to be administered on a full stomach. 

Uses. — For acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles 
and purpura where there is much sloughing; also as a 
surgical wash, salicylic acid one part, borax one part to 
thirty or forty parts of water. Salicylic acid is a more 
powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylic of soda 
is freely antiseptic. Salicylic acid is highly recom- 
mended in intestinal flatulence, given in two drachm 
doses with one ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia. 
In gastric-flatulence give two drachms in capsule, repeat 
in half hour if necessary. 

ACONITUM— ACONITE— MONKSHOOD 

Derivation.— Aconite is obtained from the root of 
aconitum napellus, which grows in Northwestern North 
America, Europe and Asia in mountainous regions, and 
cultivated in the United States for its beautiful flowers. 

Properties. — The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic 
odor, most sensible when they are rubbed. Their taste 
is at first bitterish and herbaceous, afterwards burning 
and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on 
the inside of the lips, tongue and fauces, w^hich is very 
durable, lasting sometimes many hours. When long 
chewed they inflame the tongue. The dried leaves have 



30 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

a similar taste, but the acrid impression commences later. 
Their sensible properties and medical activity are im- 
paired by long keeping. They should be of a green 
color, and free from mustiness. The root has a feeble 
earthy odor. Though sweetish at first, it has afterwards 
the same effect as the leaves upon the mouth and fauces. 
It shrinks much in drying and becomes darker, but 
does not lose its acrimony. Those parcels, whether of 
leaves or roots, should always be rejected which are 
destitute of this property. Aconite root is officially 
described as being "slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm. long, 
10 to 20 mm. thick at the crown; occasionally split; long- 
itudinally wrinkled ; dark brown and marked with coarse 
whitish root-scars; fracture short, horney or mealy; in- 
ternally whitish or light brown; the cambium zone ir- 
regular and 5 to 7-angled ; odor veiy slight ; taste sweet- 
ish, soon becoming acrid and developing a tingling sen- 
sation, followed by numbness." 

Preparations of the leaves are not official in the U. S. 
P. The root is five times stronger than the leaves. 

Constituents. — The alkaloid representing the ac- 
tion of the drug is aconitine, which is precipitated by am- 
monia from an aqeuous solution of an alcoholic extract of 
the root of various species. It is a colorless, crystalline 
or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, 
and soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether 
and 1 ])art of chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. 
Aconitine or its solutions, unless very dilute, are too 
poisonous to be tasted. 

Commercial preparations vary in purity and 
strength, and since it is extremely poisonous its internal 
administration is undesirable. Pseudo-aconitine, aconi- 
tine and other alkaloids in combination with aconitic 
acid have been obtained from aconite, but their identity 
and chemistry are uncertain. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 to 20 grs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 3 grs.; dogs, 1/10 to l/ll gr. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 3 1 

PREPARATIONS 
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI — FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF ACONITE 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water and evaporation. Assayed so that each 100 
c. c. contains 0.4 gm. aconitine. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 m. ; sheep and 
pigs. 2 to 5 m. ; dogs, 1/10 to 1 m. 

TINCTURA ACONITI— TINCTURE ACONITE 

Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; 
with alcohol and water to make 1000. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 20 m. to 1 dr. ; sheep and 
pigs, 10 to 20 m. ; dogs, 2 to 10 m. 

Fleming's Tincture (non-official) (79 percent). 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 8 to 20 m.; dogs, % to 
2 m. 

ACONITINA— ACONITINE 

Not used to any extent in veterinaiy practice ; is very 
unreliable and vaiying in strength. Aconitine often 
contains a considerable proportion of aconite and ben- 
zaconine, and so varies in activity, which is a great ob- 
jection to the use of one of the most powerful drugs 
known. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1/30 to 1/5 gr.; dogs, 
1/200 to 1/100 gr. subcutaneously. 

Actions of aconite, its preparations and derivative 
are anodynes and sedatives, acting specially on the prei- 
pheral endings of the sensory nei*\^es, on the heart and 
on respiration. Aconite kills by respiratory arrest. 

Its physiological actions as a cardiac and respiratory 
sedative renders it a febrifuge; it is also diaphoretic and 
diuretic. It is prescribed in acute febrile conditions, 
and in the earlier stages of acute local inflammation. 
It is used topically to relieve pain. 

General Actions. — Locally applied, in virtue of its 
action on sensoiy nerves, aconite produces first irrita- 
tion, tingling and twitching and subsequently numb- 
ness and anesthesia. The tincture of aconite is rapidly 



32 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

absorbed and quickly passed into the tissues, as is shown 
by the blood of a poisoned dog five minutes after the 
drug has been administered, being transferred into the 
veins of another dog without producing the physiolog- 
ical action of the poison. 

Toxic Effects. — One and one-half drachm of the 
tincture (equal to about one drachm of aconite root) is 
given as the minimum fatal dose for the horse, one-half 
drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms 
and where an idiosyncrasy exists as little as fifteen 
minims will cause toxic symptoms. 

It causes great muscular weakness, dimness of sight ; 
pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as the 
end approaches remains dilated; shallow irregular and 
labored respiration, a slow and small pulse, becoming 
rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy 
saliva, flatulence, belching, retching, nausea, etc. There 
is often a peculiar clicking sound made from the con- 
stant attempts at swallowing. 

Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious coun- 
tenance, extreme weakness of the extremities, lowering 
of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, 
reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis 
of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, 
consciousness being preserved until near the end, when 
carbon dioxide narcosis sets in. 

Uses. — It antagonizes the fever process, when prop- 
erly used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all 
affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, 
hot skin and elevated body temperature; is useful in 
acute throat affections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and 
perotiditis, in small doses often repeated. Indicated in 
acute inflammation of the organs of resperation. For 
pleurisy and perotidities, at the outset, give aconite 
with opium. Aconite is indicated in simple fevers or 
in puerperal fever, inflammation of the brain; in acute 
or inflammatory rheumatism, in acute local inflamma- 
tion, as arthritis or inflammation resulting from bruises, 
sprains, etc. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 33 

In lymphangitis, laminitis and enteritis, if ealled in 
first stages of enteritis give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat 
with 10 or 15 ms. every hour and between times gives 
fluid extract of belladonna 15 to 20 ms. every hour and 
externally woolen blankets wi*ung out of hot water and 
wrapped around the body. 

In mammitis is also useful in large doses, combined 
with Phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drink- 
ing cold water, give 30 to 60 ms. of the tincture of aco- 
nite with other colic mixture ; in congestion of the bowels 
or liver, or in congestion of any part, small repeated 
doses are better than large ones. It is also advantag- 
eously used in lung disorders. 

AETHER— ETHER— PURE ETHER 

A liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, 
of absolute ether or ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of 
alcohol containing a little water. 

Derivation. — Prepared by distillation of alcohol 
with sulphuric acid. There are two steps in the pro- 
duction of ether; sulphorvinic acid and water are formed 
in the first step. Sulphorvinic acid is then further acted 
upon by alcohol. The distillate is freed from water by 
agitation with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected 
to redistillation. 

Properties. — A transparent, colorless, mobile liq- 
uid, having a characteristic odor and a burning and 
sweetish taste. Ether is highly volatile and inflam- 
mable; its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, ex- 
plodes violently. Miscible in all proportions with alco- 
hol, chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. 
Ether is a solvent for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta 
percha and guncotton. Upon evaporation ether should 
have no residue. Ether vapor is heavier than air and 
consequently etherization should never be done above a 
light or fire. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; slieep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr. 

As an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require fixDm 4 
to 16 ozs. Smaller animals from 4 drs. to 4 ozs. Chloro- 



34 VETERINAHY MEDICINES 

form is usually prescribed for large animals and ether 
for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a healthy 
heart, while chloroform sometimes does. For anaes- 
thetic purj^oses see anesthesia. 

PREPARATIONS 
SPIRITUS AETHERIS— SPIRIT OF ETHER 

Composed of ether, 325 parts, alcohol to make 1000. 
Dose. — Same as ether. 

SPIRITUS AETHERIS COMPOSITUS— COM- 
POUND SPIRIT OF ETHER— HOFF- 
MAN'S ANODYNE 

Composed of ether, 325 parts; alcohol, 650 parts; 
ethereal oil, 25 parts. 

Dose. — Same as for ether. 

Actions. — Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, dia- 
phoretic, anthelmintic; a cardiac, respiratory and cere- 
bral stimulant, an anesthetic and a narcotic poison; 
one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible, general 
stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stom- 
ach. It is a powerful secretory stimulant, acting es- 
pecially on the secretions of the stomach, salivary glands 
and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor and 
sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alcohol, 
but more prom]7t and less protracted; it is eliminated 
quickly, chiefly by the lungs. 

When inhaled, it first causes irritation of the fauces, 
a sense of strangulation and cough, then a stage of ex- 
citement in v>'hich the visible mucous membranes are 
flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a con- 
vulsive stage generally follows, with rigid muscles and 
respiration stertorous; this subsides and complete in- 
sensibility is established, the muscles being relaxed and 
the reflexes abolished ; in fact all of the functions of the 
body are suspended, except respiration and circulation. 

If the inhalation be continued these too become para- 
lyzed, death usually resulting from slow paralysis of 
respiration (chloroform paralyzes quickly) ; the heart 
])ulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 35 

hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects 
of ether, also artificial respiration and injections of 
brandy. 

Uses or Ether. — When mixed with alcohol, as the 
spirit, ether mixes readily with water. It is excellent 
in indigestion with flatulence; it checks gastric fermen- 
tation, expels the gas and overcomes irregular and vio- 
lent gastro-intestinal movements; hence, is also very 
good in spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic, best to 
combine with cannabis indica or belladonna. When used 
as a vermafuge it should be followed by a purge. Used 
diluted one to ten to dislodge worms in the rectum. A 
most reliable remedy for collapse. Ether and alcohol 
are indicated in parturient paresis, ether with aqua am- 
monia may be used intravenously when the cow is un- 
able to swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisk j^ 
are also good in parturient eclampsia of bitches, though 
aromatic spirit of ammonia is better; for chills, spirit 
of nitrous ether ; also useful in convalescence from debil- 
itating disease. Ether is a very good remedy in Thumps. 
Ether may be used for local anesthesia, applied as a 
spray, from an atomizer, about one ounce, usually be- 
ing enough for the painless opening of abscesses or 
fistulae, but cocaine is better in our patients. As an 
anestlietic it should be used in preference to chloroform, 
for the smaller and young animals, especially dogs, 
which are easily killed by chloroform. Ether is less 
prompt in action but much safer than chloroform, as it 
never paralyzes a healthy heart ; it should be inhaled in 
as concentrated a form as possible, very little air being 
allowed, so it will exert its effects quickly, in the dog; 
a light or fire of any kind should not be allowed near, as 
ether is very inflammable and its vapor explosive. Al- 
ways have a bottle of aqua ammonia fort, at hand as a 
restorer. 

ALCOHOL 

Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and in- 
directly from starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, com; 
and potatoes, supply starch most economically. The 



36 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

starch in these substances is converted into glucose by 
heating with very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermen- 
tation with malt. G-lucose is further acted upon by 
yeast containing the Torula cerevisiae, which converts 15 
per cent of glucose into alcohol and carbonic dioxide. 
The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated dis- 
tillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In 
the natural fermentation of fruit sugar in grape juice, 
during the formation of wine, the amount of alcohol is 
self -limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent, since the ferment is 
killed by a larger amount of alcohol than this. 

Derivation. — The official alcohol is derived from 
rectified spirits, by maceration, first with anhydrous po- 
tassium carbonate, then freshly fused calcium chloride, 
and finally by distillation. 

Properties. — A liquid composed of about 92.3 per 
cent, by weight, or 94.9 per cent, by volume, of ethyl 
alcohol (C2H5OH) and about 7.7 per cent, by weight, 
of water (U. S. P.). A transparent, colorless, mobile 
and volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable 
odor and a burning taste. Specific gravity about .816 
at 15. () C. (60° F.). Miscible with water in all pro- 
portions and without any trace of cloudiness. Also 
miscible with etlier chloroform. It is readilv volatile 
at low temperature, and boils at 78° C. (17*2.4° F.). 
It is inflammable and burns with a blue flame. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr. Diluted four to six times its 
bulk of water. 

PREPARATIONS 

ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM— ABSOLUTE 

ALCOHOL 

Ethyl alcohol, containing not more than one per 
cent, by weight, of water. 

Derivation. — Percolation of the purest alcohol 
through quicklime, out of contact with the air, and re- 
distillation in vacuo. 

Properties. — Transparent, colorless, mobile and 
volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable odor 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 37 

and a burning taste. Very hydroscopic. Specific grav- 
ity not higher than 0.797 at 15.6° C. (60° F.). 

SPIRITUS FRUMENTI— WHISKY 
Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the 
distillation of the mash of fermented gram (usually of 
mixtures of corn, wheat and rye ) and at least four years 
old. 

Properties. — An amber-colored liquid having a dis- 
tinctive odor and taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its 
specific gravity should not be more than 0.945, nor less 
than 0.924, con-esponding, approximately, to an alco- 
holic strength of 37 to 47.5 per cent, by weight, or 44 
to 55 per cent, by volume. Contains no more than 
traces of fusel oil. The alcholic liquors owe their flavor 
to bouquet to ethers which are only developed in course 
of time. The amylic alcohol, or fusel oil, in whisky is 
therefore converted into ethers, which give the charac- 
teristic flavor to whisky. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and 
swine, 1 to 2 oz. ; dogs, 1 to 4 dr., diluted three to four 
times its bulk in water. 

SPIRITS VINI GALLICI— BRANDY 

Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the 
distillation of the fermented unmodified juice of fresh 
grapes, and at least four years old. 

Properties. — A pale amber-colored liquid, having a 
distinctive odor and taste and a slightly acid reaction. 
Its specific gravity should not be more than 0.941, nor 
less than 0.925 at 15.6° C. (60° F.), corresponding, ap- 
proximately, to an alcoholic strength of 39 to 47 per 
cent, by weight, or 46 to 55 per cent, by volume, of ab- 
solute alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as that for whisky. 

SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS— COM- 
POUND SPIRIT OF JUNIPER 

Derivation. — Oil of juniper, 8; oil of caraway, 1; 
oil of fennel, 1; alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000. 



38 VETEEIXAKY MEDICINES 

Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its 
therapeutic action. Contains about 15 per cent more 
alcohol. Gin is made by distillation of fermented malt 
and juniper berries. Gin differs from the other alco- 
holic jDreparations therapeutically in being more diu- 
retic. 

Dose. — Same as that for whisky. 

RUM (not official) 

Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses 
by distillation. It contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 
per cent of absolute alcohol. Rum does not differ 
physiologically from alcohol. There is no authoritative 
Latin name for rum. 

Dose. — Same as that for whisky. 

VINUM ALBUM— WHITE WINE 
Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid made by ferment- 
ing the juice of fresh graj^es, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, 
free from seeds, stems and skins. 

Properties. — A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, 
having a pleasant odor, free from yeastiness and a 
fruity, agreeable, slightly spirituous taste, without ex- 
cessive sweetness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia 
(1890) directs that the wine should contain from 7 to 
12 per cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. Califor- 
nia Hock and Reisling, Ohio Catawba, Sherry, Mus- 
catel, INIadeira or the stronger wines of the Rhine, iSIed- 
iterranean and Hungary come within the pharmaco- 
poeial limits. Wines containing more than 14 per cent 
of alcohol are usually fortified, i. e., have alcohol or 
brandy added to them, and much imported Sherry and 
Madeira contain 15 to 20 per cent, by weight, of absolute 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as that for whisky. 

VINUM RUBRUM— RED WINE 
Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid made by ferment- 
ing the juice of fresh colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis 
vinifera, in presence of their skins. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 39 

Properties. — A deep red liquid, having a pleasant 
odor, free from yeastiness, and a fruity moderately 
astringent, pleasant and slightly acidulous taste, with- 
out excessive sweetness or acidity. Should contain not 
less than 7 nor more than 12 per cent, by weight, of 
alcohol. Native Claret, Burgundy, Bordeaux and 
Hungarian wines may be included within the pharma- 
copoeial limits of vinum rubrum. Port (vinum por- 
tense) is fortified with brandy during fermentation, and 
contains 15 to 25 per cent, by weight, of absolute alco- 
hol. Port is astringent from tannic acid in the grapes, 
skin and stalks, or the astringency may be due to log- 
wood. Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic 
acid and therefore are astringents. Dry wines are those 
which contain little sugar. The wines develop ethers 
with age and these improve their flavor and action. 

Champagne contains about 10 per cent of absolute 
alcohol and carbonic acid gas, which acts as a local 
sedative upon the stomach. Ale, stout and beers con- 
tain from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol, together with bitters 
and malt extracts. 

Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent of absolute alcohol. 
Imported sherry (B. P.) contains 15 to 20 per cent of 
absolute alcohol. 

Alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in 
pharmacy, dissolving alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, bal- 
sams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, some fats and fixed oils. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
1 to 3 oz. ; dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz. 

Actions. — Alcohol is a cerebral excitant and finally 
becomes a depressant and a narcotic poison. 

It is anesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, rubefacient 
(if confined), mild astringent, coagulate albumen; a 
local refrigerant by virtue of its rapid evaporation, un- 
less confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., when it is 
absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of warmth. 

In medical doses it is a powerful general stimulant; 
it is very diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organ- 
ism, and partly excreted; thus alcohol acts as a food. 



40 VETERINAHY MEDICINES 

Small doses relax the blood vessels, stimulate the 
gastric glands, promote appetite and digestion; lessen 
the elimination of waste products, by preventing rapid 
tissue waste; causes a feeling of warmth, and temporar- 
ily, though slightly, raises the body temperature. It 
stimulates the heart and increases the functional activity 
of all organs, especially the kidneys and skin. 

Large or too long continued doses derange the ap- 
petite and digestion, congest or inflame the stomach and 
liver. Eight ounces of alcohol killed a horse. Alcohol 
is poisonous and should be used with caution. 

Uses. — Are numeixDus, used principally as a stimu- 
lant, either in one large dose, 2 to 3 ounces of alcohol, 
or better, in small repeated doses, 1 ounce every 1, 2 or 
3 hours, can be conjoined with other stimulants such 
as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, 
etc. 

It is used in anesthetic mixtures, such as alcohol, 
ether and chloroform, combined in different propor- 
tions; in snake bites it is administered in very large 
doses. 

In blood poisoning alcohol is a most potent drug, 
sustaining the heart, lowering the temperature and act- 
ing as a germicide. Alcohol makes an excellent dress- 
ing for wounds ; applied locally to threatened bed-sores, 
frequently prevents their formation. It is useful in 
colds at their outset, or in a chill to restore the balance 
of the circulation and prevent or overcome internal con- 
gestion by relaxing the blood vessels of the periphery. 

All alcoholic liquors are useful in debilitating dis- 
eases, such as influenza, in two or three ounce doses re- 
peated every three or four hours. One-half to one 
drachm of quinine to one ounce of alcohol, for influenza 
or febrile diseases in general, excepting brain and spinal 
disease; useful in convalescence. In colic alcohol can be 
used with a great degree of success; it will act as a 
carminative antispasmodic and stimulant, used in col- 
lapse and weak heart; in septiceamia and pyaemia it has 
notable antiseptic and antipyretic effects. Useful in 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 41 

carbolic acid poisoning, alcohol, or alcoholic liquors, act 
as a chemical antidote besides overcoming the shock 
produced by the acid. It may also be used locally for 
carbolic acid burns. 

The effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen 
minutes after administration and will be shown by a 
better condition of the pulse, the weak pulse becoming 
stronger and firmer; the quick pulse slower, the breath- 
ing becomes more natural, eyes brighten up and in fact 
a general improvement is shown. 

Externally alcohol is used alone as a strengthening 
application to weak tendons and muscles; or after a 
race, is used to rub on the legs, combined with other 
drugs as a liniment, as alcohol, soap-liniment and witch 
hazel ; can be used in surgery as an antiseptic. 

To toughen the skin of tender or thin skinned horses 
who gall or chafe easily under the collar and saddle, 
alcohol will be found a most satisfactory^ application. 

ALOE BARBADENSIS— BARBADOES ALOES 

The thickened juice of the leaves of Aloe vera, Linn., 
Aloe chinenisis, Bak., and probably other species, evap- 
orated to dryness. 

Habitat. — The Barbadoes Island. 

Properties. — In hard masses, orange, brown, 
opaque, translucent on the edges; fracture waxy or 
resinous; odor saffron-like; taste strongly bitter. Al- 
most entirely soluble in alcohol ; most used in veterinary 
medicine. 

Constituent. — Aloin; a resin; volatile oil; gallic 
acid. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep, 
1/2 to 1 oz.; pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; 20 gr. to 1 dr. 

ALOE SOCOTRINA— SOCOTRINE ALOES 

The juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves 
of Aloe Periyi, Baker, evaporated to dryness. 

Habitit — Eastern Africa. 

Properties.— In hard masses, occasionally soft in 
the interior; opaque, yellowish-brown, orange-brown or 



42 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

dark ruby-red, fracture resinous. When moistened it 
emits a fragrant saffron-like odor; taste peculiar, strong- 
ly bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol and four 
parts of boiling water. The powdered soeotrine aloes is 
brighter and redder, and the odor less disagreeable than 
that of Barbadoes Aloes. 

Constituents. — About the same as Barbadoes 
Aloes. 

Dose. — Same as Barbadoes Aloes. 

ALOINUM— ALOIN 

A neutral principle obtained from several varieties 
of aloes, chiefly from Barbadoes and Soeotrine Aloes. 

Derivation. — Obtained by pulverizing and macer- 
ating aloes in cold water, and evaporating the resulting 
solution in vacuo. Aloin crystallizes out and is dried 
between folds of bibulous paper. It is purified by re- 
peated solution in hot water, filtration, recrystallization, 
and finally by solution in hot alcohol and crystallization. 

Properties. — A micro-crystalline powder or mi- 
nute acicular crystals, lemon yellow or dark yellow in 
color, possessing a slight odor of aloes and intensely 
bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 dr. ; sheep, 20 to 60 
gr. ; pigs, 10 to 40 gr. ; dogs, 11 to 20 gr. ; combined with 
other purgatives. 

PREPARATIONS 
TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHAE — TINC- 
TURE OF ALOES AND MYRRH 

Made by maceration and percolation of purified 
aloes, 100 parts; myrrh, 100 parts, and Hquoric root, 
with alcohol and water to make 1000. 

Dose. — Dogs, 1/2 to 1 dr. 

Action. — Aloes is a purgative, acting chiefly on the 
large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; it stimu- 
lates both peristalsis and secretion, increases secretion 
of bile; is also diuretic; applied externally it is stimulant 
and desiccant; the Barbadoes is the most active and uni- 
form in its effects. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 43 

Aloes should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other 
good containers, only powdered for immediate use; in 
melting aloes don't let the temperature rise above 120 
degrees as it impairs the activity by converting the ac- 
tive aloin into inert resin. Aloes operate in from 12 to 
24 hours after administration; don't repeat an aloetic 
purge until 24 hours have elapsed. It also does not 
cause catharsis. In about 15 hours, the patient should 
be exercised, but returned to the stall as soon as the 
desired effect is evident. If it fails to act in 24 hours, 
linseed oil may be given. Aloin appears to contain the 
active principles of aloes, and is usually as operative, 
but some manufactures are ineffective. 

Uses Internal. — In dyspepsia with capricious ap- 
petite, irregularity of the bowels, hide-bound horses, 
worms ; is used in colic, both spasmodic and flatulent, for 
overloaded condition of the bowels ; to promote excretion 
of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and 
consequently relieve febrile symptoms; rheumatic at- 
tacks, skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; 
in lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By at- 
tracting the blood to the bowels, it is useful in conges- 
tion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, full 
doses being necessaiy ; in paralysis, paraplegia or hemi- 
plegia or reflexed paralysis due to indigestion, give full 
doses. Aloes should not be used in irritation or inflam- 
mation of the alimentary canal or piles. It is not ad- 
visable to give an aloetic purge when the temperature 
is above 102° F. Nor in hemorrhage from the rectum; 
in high fevers it is apt to cause superpurgation, also 
should not be used where there is great debility or weak- 
ness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and 
oil is preferable to aloes. Don't use during pregnancy ; 
may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, 
the gentler purgative, such as linseed or castor oil should 
be used. The medical value of aloes being large, it is 
impossible to enumerate all the diseases in which it is 
useful. Externally the tincture of aloes and myrrh is 
sometimes applied as a stimulant to wounds, and pow- 



44 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

dered aloes is mixed with plaster of j^aris in making 
splints for dogs to prevent these animals from biting 
and tearing them off. Internally aloes should be com- 
bined with ginger, nux vomica and given in capsule or 
bolus. 

ALUMEN— ALUM 

Derivation. — From alum slate, shale, schist, a na- 
tive mixture of aluminum silicate and iron sulphide. 
This is roasted and exposed to the air, when the sulphur 
is oxidized into sulphuric acid and combined in part with 
aluminum and iron to form sulphates. The mass is 
lixiviated with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates 
together with sulphuric acid are recovered in solution. 
The solution is concentrated and to it is added potassium 
chloride. The double sulphate of potassium and alum- 
inum I (alum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cool- 
ing, while potassium sulphate and ferric chloride remain 
as by-products. Alum is purified by recrystallization. 

Properties. — Large, colorless, octahedral crystals, 
sometimes modified by cubes or crystalline fragments; 
without odor, but having a sweetish and strongly astrin- 
gent taste. On exposure to the air the crystals are liable 
to absorb ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Sol- 
uble in nine parts of water, insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
20 gr. to 1 dr.; emetic for dogs, 1/2 to 1 dr. 

ALUMEN EXSICCATUM— DRIED ALUM 
Commonly termed burnt alum, is alum deprived of 

its water of crystallization by heat. 

Properties. — A white granular powder, odorless, 

having a sweetisli astringent taste, soluble in twenty 

parts of water at 60° F. Is a powerful astringent and 

escharotic. 

ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM— ALUMINUM HY- 
DROXIDE 

Derivation.— Made from alum, 100 parts; monhy- 
drate sodium carbonate, 43 parts; water, a sufficient 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 45 

quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of alum and so- 
dium carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed and 
dried. 

Properties. — A white, light, amorphus powder; 
odorless and tasteless; permanent in dry air; insoluble 
in water or alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as alum. 

ALUMINI SULPHAS— ALUMINUM 
SULPHATE 

Derivation. — Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in 
diluted sulphuric acid, and the solution is filtered and 
evaporated to dryness. 

Properties. — A white, crystalline powder, without 
odor, having a sweetish and afterwards astrmgent 
taste; permanent in the air; soluble in one part of water; 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as alum. 

Actions. — Astringent, at first excites flow of saliva, 
then markedly decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it 
would derange or entirelj^ arrest digestion ; it also stops 
peristalsis and produces constipation, though sometimes 
it induces diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests secretions 
in general and in the circulation contracts the capillaries ; 
it is in this way it arrests secretions, especially those of 
mucous surfaces, and stops capillary hemorrhage. The 
sulphate of aluminum is mildly caustic, astringent and 
antiseptic. Dried alum is caustic and astringent. 

Externally. — Dried alum is a caustic, in contact 
with raw sores, on account of its affinity for water. 
Alum has no action on unbroken skin, but applied to 
mucous membranes or denuded parts it is antiseptic and 
astringent; coagulates albumin of discharges; precipi- 
tates or coagulates albumin of the tissues ; squeeze blood 
out of the vessels; reduces inflammation and makes the 
part whiter, brings together and denser. Alum is a 
hemostatic, stopping bleeding by compression of the 
stinictures surrounding the vessels and by causing blood 
to clot. 

Uses. — In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astrin- 



46 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

gents are safer and better, as it may lock the bowels too 
tight, may be used in weeping sores or weeping skin 
diseases; in long standing nail wounds by putting one- 
half to one pound into the soaking tub, also in same 
way for injured coronets, with raw bulging surfaces 
that bleed easily, also for sore mouth, sometimes mix a 
little boric acid; useful in bleeding piles, and in mild 
solution alum one ounce to water one pint for sore 
throat; also used internally for bloody urine (haem- 
aturia) and for open joints apply the powdered alum to 
arrest the flow of joint oil (synovia). For catarrhal 
ophthalmia, after the acute stage, an alum lotion five 
grains to one ounce of water is very serviceable; for 
granular lids rub with a crystal of alum. Alum should 
never be used too strong over the eye as it seems to 
have the power of dissolving the cornea; a solution con- 
taining ten grains of alum to the ounce of water may 
be used in canker of the ear of dogs ; also for leucorrhoea 
and prolapsus of the rectum; dried alum may be used 
as a caustic whenever a caustic is indicated, but is not 
recommended for this piu'pose. For a powerful drying 
powder, es])ecially useful when excessive granulation 
exists. It causes sloughing of the dead tissues and is 
indicated when the use of the knife is inadmissible. 

AMYLIS NITRIS— AMYL NITRITE 

A liquid containing about 80 ])er cent of amyl nitrite, 
together with variable quantities of undetermined com- 
pounds. 

Derivation. — Obtained through distillation of 
nitric and amylic alcohol. Distillate purified by sodium 
carbonate. 

Properties. — A clear, yellow or pale yellow liquid, 
oily, very volatile, peculiar and very diffusive ethereal 
odor and a pungent aromatic taste. Insoluble in wa- 
ter, but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and 
chloroform. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, ^A to 1 dr.; sheep and 
piffs, 5 to 15 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. ; amyl nitrite is very 
seldom given internally; hypodermically, one-half this 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 47 

dose. By inhalation, same as given internally. It should 
be fresh as it rapidly deteriorates. 

Actions. — It stimulates the heart's action, greatly 
dilates the arterioles by paralyzing their muscular coats ; 
causes a sense of fullness in the brain with vertigo, fall 
of blood pressure due to dilation of the arterioles, lower- 
ing of temperature; when the vapor is applied direct to 
muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely ar- 
rests its functional activity; it depresses the nervous 
system and unstriped muscular fiber. Overdoses cause 
death by res]:)iratory failure. 

Uses. — Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its 
being inhaled ; spasmodic asthma, used either internal^, 
hypodermically or best by inhalation ; in strychnine pois- 
oning, angina pectoris in tetanus, and as a heart stimu- 
lant. It is useful as an inhalation in bringing about 
recovery from deep chloroform and anesthesia. 

ANISUM— ANISE 

Origin. — The anise plant is a native of Egypt and 
the Levant, but has been introduced in various parts of 
that continent. It is also cultivated occasionally in the 
gardens of this eountry. The fruit is abundantly pro- 
duced in Malta and Spain; in Romagna, in Italy, whence 
it is largely exported through Leghorn, and in Central 
and Southern Russia. 

Description. — Ovoid, laterall}^ compressed, 4 to 5 
m. m. long; carpels usually cohering and attached to a 
slender pedicel; grayish or greenish-gray to grayish 
brown ; each with a flat face and five light brown filiform 
ridges and about 16 oil-tubes; odor and taste agreeable 
and aromatic. The anise berries are dried and ground, 
this ])eing the form in which it is usually used. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 3 dr. ; dogs, 10 to 30 gr. 

OLEUM ANISI— OIL OF ANISE 

A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of star anise. 
Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, thin and 
strongly refractive liquid, having the characteristic odor 



48 VETEEINARY MEDICINES 

of anise, and a sweetish, mildly aromatic taste. Specific 
gravity about 0.975 to 0.985. Soluble in an equal vol- 
ume of alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 m. ; sheep and 
pigs, 5 to 10 m. ; dogs and cats, 1 to 5 m. 

Actions. — Anise is an aromatic stimulant, stomachic 
and carminative. It is used to relieve indigestion and 
flatulence, to communicate an agreeable flavor to many 
medicines, and to diminish the griping of purgatives. 
Oil of anise resembles in action other volatile oils. 

Uses. — The oil of anise is employed with olive oil or 
alcohol to kill fleas or lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin; 
and one drop of the pure oil may be placed on the 
feathers of fowl to cause destruction of lice. The oil of 
anise is sometimes prescribed to disguise the odor of 
drugs, and is ordered in cough mixtures for its expecto- 
rant properties. 

The fruit is given all animals (generally powdered) 
on their food — frequently with sodium bicarbonate and 
ginger — to relieve mild forms of indigestion and flatu- 
lence through its stomachic and carminative effects. 

ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTARS— ANTI- 
MONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE— 
TARTAR EMETIC 

Derivation. — Make a white paste with cream of 
tartar, antimony trioxide and water. Set aside 24 hours, 
boil in water 15 minutes and crystallize. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent crystals of the 
rhombic system, becoming opaque and white on expos- 
ure to the air, or a white granular powder without odor 
and having a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metallic 
taste. Soluble in M^ater, insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 2 to 5 
gr. ; pigs, 1/2 to 1 gr. ; dogs, 1/10 to l/o gr. As an 
emetic for pigs, 4 to 10 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 2 gr. 

Actions. — Tartar emetic is a systemic and local 
emetic, a diphoretic, cardiac and arterial sedative and 
a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a powerful waste pro- 
ducer and stimulates the secretions of the stomach, in- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 49 

testines, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. Large 
doses cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, while toxic 
doses are followed by vomiting (in animals that can 
vomit), serious blood purging, great depression of the 
circulation and respiration weakness, collapse and death. 
Tartar emetic is also a vermifuge. 

Uses. — Tartar emetic is too mild as an emetic in 
poison cases. In asthma of dogs it may be used in 
from 1/10 to 1/2 grain doses to relax spasm and promote 
secretion. For horses its most valuable use is to expel 
the common round worms from the intestines, for which 
it is very efficacious ; given in two drachm doses once or 
twice daily in the feed for four to six days, or one-half 
ounce dissolved in water is given on an empty stomach 
followed by a full dose of linseed oil. 

ANTIPYRINA— ANTIPYRIN 

Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto-acetic ether, 
when phenly-monomethyl-pyrazolon, ethyl alcohol and 
water results. 

Properties. — Colorless, ordorless, scaly crystals, of 
a bitterish taste. Soluble in water, ether and chioroform. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 to 4 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 
Yo to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. 

Actions. — Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local 
anesthetic, antiseptic, cardiac depressant; it reduces 
temperature very quickly, usually within half an hour 
and the effects continue two or more hours. It can 
be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or in- 
tertracheally ; as an antiseptic it diminishes oxidation, 
and promotes heat loss by dilating tlie cutaneous vessels, 
but more probably by depressing the activity of the 
calorefacient centers. 

Uses. — Used in high fever where the temperature 
must be reduced quickly, as in sun-stroke, acute rheu- 
matism; in man a solution of antipyrine from four to 
ten per cent strength up, is sprayed into the nostrils for 
hay-fever. Acetanilide is a better and safer and much 
cheaper drug for febrile diseases. 



50 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

AQUA AMMONIAE FORTOR— STRONGER 
AMMONIA WATER 

An aquous solution of ammonia containing twenty- 
eight per cent, by weight of the gas. 

Derivation. — Evolve ammonia gas by heating am- 
monium chloride with calcium hydrate and pass it into 
water. 

Properties. — A colorless, transparent liquid, hav- 
ing an execessively pungent odor and a caustic alkaline 
taste. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 
Yo to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 m. Should be diluted one 
drachm to one pint of water. 

AQUA AMMONIAE— AMMONIA WATER 

An aquous solution containing ten per cent by weight 
of ammonia gas. 

Derivation. — Same as strong ammonia water. 

Properties. — The taste is not so caustic and the odor 
is less pungent then the stronger water of ammonia. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/> to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted 
one drachm to half pint of water. 

SPIRITUS AMMONIAE— SPIRIT OF 
AMMONIA 

A alcoholic solution containing ten per cent., by 
weight of the ammonia gas. 

Derivation. — A solution of caustic ammonia in al- 
cohol. 

Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a strong 
odor of ammonia. This preparation of ammonia pos- 
sesses properties of ammonia and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1/2 to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted 
in water. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE • 5 1 

SPIRITUS AMMONIAE AROMATICUS— ARO- 
MATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA 

Derivation. — Ammonium carbonate 3.4%, aqua am- 
monia 9%, oil of lemon l'^^, oil of lavender flowers 0.1%, 
oil of nutmeg 0.1%, alcohol 70%, and distilled water to 
make 100 parts. Diluted in water. 

Properties. — A nearly colorless liquid when first 
prepared, but gradually acquires an amber color. It has 
a pungent ammonial odor and taste. 

Actions.— These four proportions of ammonia are 
gastic and general stimulants. They stimulate the car- 
diac respiratory and spinal systems. They irritate the 
nose when inhaled, but reflexly they stimulate the cir- 
culation and respiration, they are good stimulants as 
they do not affect the brain. The aromatic spirits of 
ammonia is also a carminative. Externally they are 
rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants. 

Uses. — Its antacid and stimulant properties recom- 
mend ammonia in indigestion, trympanites, and spas- 
modic colic, especially in cattle and sheep. Stimulating 
the spinals and respiratory systems; it is valuable in 
the treatment of influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy and 
similar complaints. The fumes of ammonia are occasion- 
ally used to arouse animals from shocks, collapse, or 
chloroform intoxication, but must be used cautiously, 
lest excessive irritation of the respiratory mucous mem- 
brane be produced. It is a promptly acting antidote in 
poisoning by opium, aconite, digitalis, and ether narcotic 
and sedative drugs. It may be administered much di- 
luted in the usual way, injected subcutaneously and 
intravenously, and also applied externally, in the treat- 
ment of snake-bites. On account of its producing 
bronchial secretion, and assisting in its expulsion, am- 
monia is serviceable as a stimulating expectorant. To 
develop its more general effects its alcoholic proportions 
should be prescribed as spirit of ammonia or the aromatic 
spirit of ammonia. Externally used in the form of lini- 
ment of ammonia, with oils, camphor, etc., proves use- 
ful as a stimulant in rheumatism, stiff -joints, muscular 



52 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

strains, sore throat, pleurisy, pneumonia and influenza, 
and for preventing the rapid chilling of fomented sur- 
faces. It relieves the irritation caused b}" nettles, and 
b}'^ bites and stings of insects. 

LINIMENTUM AMMONIAE— AMMONIA 
LINIMENT 

Is made by mixing ammonia water, 350; cottonseed 
oil, 570; alcohol, 50; oleic acid, 30. The above is rec- 
ognized by the U. S. P. and is advantageously used on 
muscular strains and where an external stimulant is in- 
dicated. 

LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS— SOLUTION 
OF AMMONIUM ACETATE 
An aquous solution of ammonium acetate contain- 
ing about seven per cent of the salt, together with small 
amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide. 

Derivation. — Ammonium carbonate is gi'adually 
added to cold, dilute acetic acid until the latter is ma- 
terialized. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, mildly saline 
and acidulous taste, and an acid reaction. 

Incompatible with acids and alkalies. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
% to 1 oz. ; dogs, 2 to 6 drs. 

Actions. — Diphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimulant, 
mild duretic, mild expectorant and stomachic. 

Uses. — Its uses are recommended in febrile and in- 
flammatory attacks, especially in influenza, distemper, 
etc., combined with other medicines, improves the ap- 
petite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over 
swollen and inflamed tendons. 

AMMONII CARBONAS— AMMONIUM 
CARBONATE 

Derivation. — A mixture of ammonium chloride or 
sulphate, and calcium carbonate, is sublimed and resub- 
limed. Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is a mixture of 
anmionium carbonate and bicarbonate. 

Properties. — White translucent masses, having a 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 53 

strongly ammonical odor, and a sharp saline taste. On 
exposure to air it loses both ammonia and carbonic 
dioxide, soluble one part in four parts of water. 

Doses. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1/4 to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 8 grs. Larger doses are 
recommended when a antispasmodic or carminative is 
desired the dose for horses and cattle can be increased 
to an ounce, but only two doses should be administered, 
well diluted in water or in ball or capsule. 

Actions. — Ammonium carbonate is decomposed by 
acid in the stomach and escapes in the urine. It stimu- 
lates gastric secretion, vascularity and motion, and ex- 
citing intestinal paristalsis. It is, therefore, a stomachic 
and carminative. It is also an antacid, and, in large 
doses, an emetic for dogs. It is given in capsules or in 
solution in cold water, to avoid irritating fumes; also 
with syrup or gruel. It is often prescribed with other 
stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol, camphor, 
capsicum and asafoetida. The action of ammonium car- 
bonate is almost identical with that of ammonia water in 
stimulating the heart and respiration, but it has more 
power in augmenting the bronchial secretions. 

Uses. — It is given to all animals in indigestion ; con- 
joins the actions of an antacid and diffusible stimulant; 
in small doses promotes secretion of gastric juice, and 
in larger, relieves flatulence and spasm. In diseases of 
the air passages it is used as an expectorant; is contra- 
indicated in purpura haemorrhagica, as it lowers the 
oxygens, cariying power of red blood corpuscles, and 
dissolves fibrin. As a stimulant it can be combined with 
alcohol and sulphuric ether. Ammonia is recommended 
where a clot, thrombi or embolism is supposed to exist 
on account of its defibrinating power Ammonium car- 
bonate is used extensively in the treatment of spas- 
modic and flatulent, colic and acute indigestion con- 
joined with either asafoetida, capsicum, camphor, nux 
vomica and alcohol. 



54 



VETERINAHY MEDICINES 



AMMONII CHLORIDIUM— MURIATE OF AM- 
MONIA—SAL AMMONIAC 

Derivation. — This salt may be formed by neutraliz- 
ing crude solution of anmionia or ammonium carbonate 
with hydrochloric acid and purifying the product. 

Properties. — A white, crystalline powder without 
odor, having a cooling, saline taste, and permanent in 
the air. Soluble in two parts of water; in fifty parts 
alcohol. 

Doses. — Horses, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle, 4 drs. to 1 oz.; 
sheep and pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. 

Actions. — Internally it is an expectorant, altera- 
tive, feebly diaphoretic and diuretic. When ingested, 
ammonium chloride is a feeble heart and respiratory 
stimulant, and is not comparable to the ammonia com- 
pounds or ammonium carbonate in this respect. It is 
eliminated in great part unchanged by the urine, but 
also by the other channels. In its excretion it stimulates 
the mucous membranes, increases their secretion gen- 
erally, and is thought to improve their nutrition. Am- 
monium chloride both excites the secretion of the 
bronchial mucous membrane and renders it less viscid in 
inflammatory conditions. Externally it is a refrigerant. 

Uses. — Useful in all diseases where an expectorant 
is indicated, catarrhal condition, pneumonia, coughs, in- 
fluenza, chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Used ex- 
ternally one part ammonium chloride dissolved in ten 
parts of water as a refrigerant lotion for inflammatory 
swellings, bruises and sprains. 

ARGENTI NITRAS— SILVER NITRATE 

Derivation. — Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. 
Evaporate and crystallize. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, tubular, rhom- 
bic crystals, becoming gray, or grayish-black on ex- 
posure to light in the presence of organic matter ; with- 
out odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly 
metallic taste; soluble in water and alcohol. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE S5 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 grs. ; dogs, l/g to l/o gr. 

ARGENTE NITRAS MITIGATUS — MITI- 
GATED SILVER NITRATE 

Derivation. -^Melt silver nitrate, 30 parts, with 
potassium nitrate, 60 parts, in a crucible at as low a 
temperature as possible. Mix and cast into suitable 
moulds. 

Properties. — A white, hard, solid, generally in the 
form of pencils or canes of a finely granular fracture; 
becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in 
the presence of organic matter; odorless, having a cau- 
stic, metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS— MOULDED SIL- 
VER NITRATE— LUNAR CAUSTIC 

Derivation. — Melt silver nitrate, 100 parts, with 
hydrochloric acid, 4 parts at as low a temperature as 
possible. Mix and pour into suitable moulds. 

Properties. — Practically same as mitigated silver 
nitrate. Use only externally. 

Actions. — Silver nitrate combines with the albumen 
of the tissues, and is a limited caustic ; causes superficial 
inflammation and stains the parts black ; small doses in- 
crease secretion and stimulate the heart. It promotes 
nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued 
administration causes waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, 
fluidity of the blood, slate colored lines about the gums, 
and similar discoloration of the skin and mucous mem- 
brane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, convul- 
sions and death. 

Uses. — A solution of forty grains to one ounce of 
spirit of nitrous ether is said to abort superficial in- 
flammation, if early applied ; used for erysipelas, twenty 
grains to one ounce of distilled water, applied around 
margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the 
throat; used with a spray or swab, in strength of from 
ten grains to one-half to drachm to one ounce of dis- 
tilled water. For dysentery, internally and as an enema 



56 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

it is ver}^ good; used in conjunctivitis one to five grains 
to one to two ounces of distilled water, is the average 
strength, and should only be applied to the conjunctiva 
or lids, and should not be on the cornea, as it may form 
an insoluble chloride of silver and cause permanent 
opacities. Nitrate of silver is used in the form of lunar 
caustic to stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off 
warts. 

To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around the edge; 
also used in chorea epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, 
foot rot in sheep; a piece of the caustic is placed in 
senuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It causes a 
slough, followed by healthy granulation; used for sore 
teats in cows. 

ARNICAE— ARNICA 

Origin. — Arnica is obtained from the flower roots 
of a plant that grows in mountainous countries of Cen- 
tral Europe, Asia and America. 

Composition. — An active principle called arnicin. 
The root contains an essential oil, on which depends in 
great part its physiological activity. 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS— EXTRACT 
OF ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL) 
Dose. — Horses and cattle, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 5 to 10 grs. ; dogs, l/o to 3 grs. 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS— 

FLUIDEXTRACT ARNICA ROOT 

(NON-OFFICIAL) 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs. ; sheep and pigs, 
% to 1 dr. ; dogs, 2 to 10 ms. 

TINCTURA ARNICAE— TINCTURE OF 
ARNICA 

This is the best and most used preparation of Aniica. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and 
pigs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. This dose can 
be given every three hours to maintain the circulation 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE SI 

of the skin; as a diaphoretic, the dose can and may be 
increased and combined with other diaphoretics. 

Incompatibles. — Its action is antagonized by am- 
monia, alcohoHc stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. 

Synergists. — Aconite, veratinam viride, digitalis and 
arterial sedatives, generally increase the effects of arnica. 

Actions. — Arnica is irritant, stimulant, depressant; 
antipja'ctic, diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vulner- 
ary, it dilates the circular blood vessels. It irritates the 
gastro-intestinal tract. In alcoholic solutions (as tinc- 
ture of arnica) it inflames the skin when used full 
strength. 

In small doses it increases the action of the heart, 
raises arterial tension and stimulates the action of the 
skin and kidneys. 

Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed 
by depressed circulation, respiration and temperature. 

Uses. — It is a very efficient diaphoretic for horses 
in one or two ounce doses diluted in one pint of water; 
one-half ounce of fluid extract piloarpus may be added 
at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any kind, such 
as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, etc. Ex- 
cellent to sto]) a chill and prevent the following fever or 
inflammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood 
vessels of the skin, thus attracting the blood to the sur- 
face and away from congested internal organs. It is in- 
dicated in sthetic fever of any kind; azoturia, rheuma- 
tism, especially inflammatory or articular; congestion 
of the brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of 
little value on hairy animals. 

ARSENUM— ARSENIC 
Origin. — The world's supply of arsenic and arsenic 
compounds at the present time is obtained from Ger- 
many, Spain, England, Canada and portions of the 
United States, as Montana and Washington, w^here con- 
siderable quantities of arsenic are being produced as a 
by-product in the smelting of copper ores. Arsenic ore is 
roasted and purified by sublimation, before it is used for 
medical purposes. 



58 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

ARSENI TRIOXIDUM— ARSENIC TROXIDE 

ACIDUM ARSENOSUM — ARCENOUS ACID 

(White Arsenic) 

Derivation. — Arsenical ores are roasted or con- 
ducted into condensing chambers and purified by sub- 
limation. 

Properties. — A hea\y solid, occurring either as an 
opaque, white powder, or in irregular masses of two 
varieties; the one amorphous, transparent and colorless, 
like glass; the other crystalline, opaque, and white, re- 
sembling porcelain. Frequently the same piece has an 
opaque, white outer crust enclosing the glassy variety. 
Contact with moist air gradually changes the glassy into 
the white opaque variety. Both are odorless and tasteless. 
The glassy variety dissolves slowly in thirty parts of 
water; the porcelain-like in eighty parts of water. Ar- 
cenous acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble 
in glycerin, hydrochloric acid and solutions of the alkali 
hydrates and carbonates. When heated to 424°, arcen- 
ous acid is completely volatilized without melting. 

Incompatibles. — Lime water, salts of iron and mag- 
nesia. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 5 grs. ; cattle, 2 to 8 grs. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 grs.; dogs, 1/30 to 1/10 gr. 

LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENTIS— SOLUTION 
OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE (Fowler's Solution) 

Derivation. — Arcenous acid, potassium bicar- 
bonate, compound tincture of lavender and distilled 
water. Strength one part of arcenous acid in 100. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 drs. to 1 oz. ; cattle, l/o to iVo ozs.; 
sheep and pigs, 10 to 40 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. Average 
dose for horse is l/o oz. usually given three times daily 
in drinking water or bran mash. 

LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI— SOLUTION OF 
ARCENOUS ACID 

Derivation. — Arcenous acid, diluted hydrochloric 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 59 

acid, and distilled water. Strength one part arcenoiis 
acid in 100. 

Dose. — Same as liquor potassii arsenitis. 

LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI lODIDI 

(Donovan's Solution) 

Derivation. — Arcenous iodide, red mercuric iodide, 
and distilled water, which should contain not less then 
one per cent of arcenous iodide and one per cent of 
mercuric iodide. 

Dose. — Same as liquor potassii arsenitis. 

Actions. — Arsenic and its compounds are gastro- 
intestinal and pulmonary tonic, a stimulant and altera- 
tive, acting particularly on the digestive and respiratory 
mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and 
tonic; also antispasmodic in diseases of the nervous sys- 
stem, and is a nervine tonic. In large doses it is a cor- 
rosive-irritant poison, killing either by gastro-enteritis, 
or nervous paresis. Continued doses produce fatty de- 
generation. On account of its being a stomachic, small 
doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses 
inflame the stomach and derange digestion. It increases 
the cardiac action, respiratory power, and secretion of 
the intestines. It also stimulates peristalsis. When 
tolerance is established, large doses are taken with im- 
punity. 

Externally. — Arsenic is a very painful excharotic, 
exciting violent inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, 
and parasiticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. 
It is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, skin and saliva 
and milk of nursing animals. 

Uses. — It should not be given in acute diseases. It 
is given as a general tonic after debilitating diseases es- 
pecially when the lungs are involved, as in pneumonia, 
bronchitis and pleursy. Arsenic combined with bran 
mashes is beneficial in stocking or swelling of the legs. 
As for its use in chronic indigestion, other medicines 
had better be resorted to. It assists in the expulsion of 
worms. Useful in chronic diseases of the air passage. 
Arsenic relieves irritable chronic coughs, and roaring in 



60 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

early stages, as well as thick and broken wind and 
heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change it is 
prescribed in early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheu- 
matism, chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically 
returning fevers. In anaemia it increases both red and 
white blood corpuscles. For chorea in dogs, commence 
with a small dose, three times daily and increase a min- 
imum per dose everj^ third or fourth day until the physio- 
logical limit is reached as described under '(Toxicology 
of Arsenic) . 

Actions on the Skin. — Administered internally it 
stimulates the deiTnis and hastens the removal of epi- 
dermal cells ; hence it is useful in all chronic skin diseases, 
as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To remove 
warts that occur in the mouth and on the muzzle of 
animals, give internally and apply locally. Fowler's 
solution. In chronic skin diseases use Donovan's or 
Fowler's solution or acidum arcenosum and sulphur 
mixed in the feed. Useful internally in successive erup- 
tions of the skin boils and in chronic urticaria. 

External Uses. — The white arsenic or arcenous 
acid is used to slough out tumors, fistulae, quittors, etc. 
But I would not recommend it as it is too painful. It is 
valuable in the treatment of foot-rot. The affected ani- 
mals should be slowly driven through a trough con- 
taining a solution of arsenic. It is used extensively 
for sheep and cattle to destroy ticks. In this way, ani- 
mals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass and 
other animals eat it. 

Toxicology or Arsenic. — Full medical doses if 
long continued, cause edema and itching of the eyelids, 
increased flow of saliva nausea, diarrhoea or dysentery, 
weak heart, soreness to the touch over the region of the 
stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and 
albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes 
exidation, decomposes albuminoid tissues and produces 
fatty degeneration ; also lessens the glycogenic functions 
of the liver. 

Chronic Arsenical Poisoning. — Is common in the 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 61 

vicinity of either tin or copper smelting plants. The 
symptoms are as follows: indigestion thirst, wasting, 
chronic diseases of joints and bones, the knee joints 
swell, the animal becomes lame and hide-bound, hair 
falls off, skin gets rough and scurfy, teeth get black and 
fall out and necrosis of the bones follow. 

Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The salts of 
iron, magnesia, lime, and astringents, are chemically 
incompatible. The hydroxide of iron, or as it is also 
known, hydrate sesquioxide of iron, freshly made and 
in soft magma is the antidote to arsenic. To dogs give 
from half to one tablespoonful eveiy five or ten minutes. 
From eight to twenty grains of the antidote are required 
to each grain of arsenic swallowed (when it can be de- 
termined) . The stomach should first be emptied by the 
use of cathartics or stomach pump and then give the 
antidote, and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and 
mucilaginous drinks. Also administer dihients, as weak 
alkaline w^ater. Iodide of potassium is valuable as a 
antidote of arsenical poisoning and should be admin- 
istered to promote elimination of the poison. In the 
absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia and lime water 
may be freely given. These agents act mechanically by 
developing the poison and preventing absorption. 
Dialysed iron is recommended as efficacious as an 
antidote in doses of five to fifteen minimums for doss. 

ASPIDIUM— MALE FERN 

Derivation. — The rhizome of Aspidum Filix — mas. 
Collected late in the autumn, divested of its roots, leaves 
and dead portions, and carefully dried. Male fern should 
not be kept more than a year. 

Habitat. — The male fern grows wild throughout 
most temperate regions, on the sides of roads and in open 
woods, especially where the soil is light. 

Properties. — Its root stock is perennial, about a 
foot long and two inches thick; is scaly, tufted, greenish- 
bro^^ai, and firmly fixed in the ground by numerous 
black root fibers. The dried root has a disagreeable 



62 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

odor, and a sweet, astringent, nauseous taste. Powdered 
male fern should be freshly prepared and have a bright 
green color. 

Dose. — The powdered male fern is given to horses 
and cattle in doses of 4 to 6 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 
4 ozs. ; dogs and cats, 1/2 to 2 ozs. The pow der is bulky, 
and less certain than the oleoresin of aspedium. 

PREPARATIONS 

OLEORESINA ASPIDII—OLEORESIN ASPI- 

DIUM— OLEORESIN MALE FERN 

Made by percolation with ether, distillation and 
evaporation of the ether. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs. ; dogs and cats, 15 ms. to 1 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Male fern is irritant, vermicide 
laxative, large doses of the drug cause hemorrhagic 
gastro-enteritis, tremors, weakness, stupor, coma, acute 
nephritis and cystitis. Oleoresin of male fern is one of 
the most effectual remedies for tapeworm, particularly 
those inhabiting dogs. 

BELLADONNAE FOLIA— belladonna 
LEAVES 

Origin. — Belladonna is the leaves of a plant known 
as deadly nightshade. It grows wild in some parts of 
Great Britain, and is also cultivated to a great extent. 
The dried leaves of atropa belladonna yield, when 
assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 0.35 per 
cent of mydriatic alkaloids. Usually of a dull brownish- 
green color, the leaves much wrinkled and matted to- 
gether, frequently with the flowering tops intermixed; 
odor distinctly narcotic, especially on moistening; taste 
somewhat bitter and acrid. Contains not less than 0.5 
per cent atropine. The powdered leaves are character- 
ized by few hairs and numerous small arrow-shaped 
crystals of calcium oxalate. 

Dose. — ^Of the powdered leaves, horses and cattle, 
1/2 to 1 oz. ; sheep and pigs, Yo to 2 dr. ; dogs, 1 to 5 grs. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 63 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM— 
EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA LEAVES 

Made by percolation with dilute alcohol and evapora- 
tion to pilular consistence. Used in preparing the un- 
guentum helladonnae. Contains 1.4 per cent of mydria- 
tic alkaloids. 

Dose.— Horses and cattle, 10 to 20 grs.; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 grs. ; dogs, l/g to 1/2 gr. 

TNCTURA BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM— 
TINCTURE OF BELLADONNA LEAVES 

Belladonna leaves 100, dilute alcohol to make 1,000, 
made bj^ maceration and percolation. (Strength 10%.) 
Dose. — Dogs, 3 to 30 ms. 

UNGUENTUM BELLADONNAE— BELLA- 
DONNA OINTMENT 
Extract of belladonna leaves, 10; dilute alcohol, 5; 
hydrous wool fat, 20; benzoinated lard, 63. 

BELLADONNAE RADIX— BELLADONNA 

ROOT 

Derivation. — The dried root of atropa belladonna 
yielding, when assayed by the U. S. P. process not less 
than 0.5 per cent of mydriatic alkaloids. 

Constituents. — Same as leaves. Contains not less 
than 0.5 per cent atropine. 

PREPARATIONS 
FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE RADI- 
CIS— FLUIDEXTRACT OF BELLA- 
DONNA ROOT 

Made by maceration with alcohol and water and 
evaporation. One cc. of the extract = one gm. of bella- 
donna root. Standardized so that 100 cc. of the fluid- 
extract contain 0.5 gm. of mydridatic alkaloids. This 
is one of the most reliable preparations of belladonna. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep 
and pigs, 10 to 15 ms. ; dogs, 1 to 3 ms. 



64 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

LINIMENTUM BELLADONNAE— BELLA- 
DONNA LINIMENT 
Made by adding camphor, 50 parts to fluidextract 
of belladonna to make 1,000 parts (U. S. P.). 

ATROPINAE SULPHAS— SULPHATE OF 
ATROPHINE 

An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs 
in commerce, it is always accompanied by small pro- 
portion of hyoscyamine extracted along with it, from 
which it cannot readly be separated. 

Derivation. — Atropine is obtained from a strong 
tincture of the root. 

Properties. — A white crystalline powder, very 
soluble in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses, Yl to ly^ grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 grs.; 
sheep and pigs, 1/20 to 1/12 gr. ; dogs, 1/150 to 1/50 
srr. The doses should be considerablv reduced when 
used with morphine. 

Incompatibles. — ^Caustic alkalies; antagonize phy- 
siologically by pilocarpine and physostigma throughout 
almost whole range of its influence, and opium within a 
certain limitation, prevents the respiratory failure, which 
is the cause of death. 

Action. — Belladonna is an irritant narcotic, a 
mydriatic, an antispasmodic and anodyne. In small 
doses a cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant; in large 
doses a paralyzer of the sensory and motor nerve endings 
and a stimulator of the entire sympathetic system. 

It produces dryness of the mucous membrane of 
the throat, mouth, nose and pharynx, and at first lessens 
the gastric and intestinal secretions, but soon produces 
them in large quantities. It is anti-galactogogue, that 
is, it arrests secretion of milk. 

The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes 
very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in 
rapidity; arterial tension is raised and the circulation 
greatly increased. 

The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use 
of the drug. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 65 

The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirimn 
being j)i'Oclu€ed, and hallucinations with mental disorder, 
due to a selective action on the cell of the gray matter. 

The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical 
vertebrae to the tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of 
the motor nerves, both central and peripheal, power 
being lost in hind extermities first. The respiration is 
increased and the temperature is raised by the increased 
circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted. 

Belladonna and atrophine are rapidly diffused and 
quickly eliminated by the kidneys. By its paralyzing 
effect on the terminal nerve filaments, it relaxes the 
bronchial tubes and checks the secretion of the bronchial 
mucous membrane; it checks secretion of saliva and 
milk in the same way and causes dryness of the skin. 

Uses. — Belladonna and atrophine is indicated any- 
where that an antispasmodic and anodyne is needed. 
Is servicable in catarrh, pharangitis and bronchitis to 
check secretion in second stage; heaves, especially asth- 
matic heaves, combined with gelsemium and lobelia, fol- 
lowed by Fowler's Solution; in influenza, it stimulates 
the weakened heart, besides having other good effects. 

In the first stage of respiratory diseases, belladonna 
alone, or combined with aconite or other febrifuges and 
expectorants; in cough, especially spasmodic or when 
due to irritation of the throat; in heart failure or heart 
weakness, hypodermic injections of atrophine are bene- 
ficial; in spasmodic colic one to two drachms of the fluid 
extract to a dose, but one drachm is usually sufficient; 
as a powerful antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and 
morphine combined; small doses are given in constipa- 
tion of the bowels, combined with nux vomica; small 
doses with purgatives are said to aid their action. 

In tetanus give one to two drachms of the extract 
two or three times daily; in paralysis of the throat of 
tetanus the fluid extract combined with soap liniment 
or used alone externally; in cerebro-spinal meningitis, 
belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite is rational 
treatment, conjoined with the external treatment. It 



66 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

allays irritations of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, es- 
pecially if combined with cannabis indica. 

In contraction or rigid os the extract applied directly, 
quickly relaxes and allows parturition; it is well to see 
if this is necessary before giving ergot. 

Used extensively in examinations and diseases of the 
eye. 

Atrophine sulphate is used locally to dilate the pupil, 
assisting in the detection of cataracts or other disorders 
of the eye and testing the condition of the refracting 
media; for dilating pupil use a solution of four grains 
of the atrophine to one ounce of distilled water; a few 
drops are placed into the eye, for inflammation of the 
eye with great irritation; belladomia may be combined 
with cocaine; in iritis. 

Antidote. — In poisoning,' tannic acid should be used. 

BENZOINUM— BENZOIN 

A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin 
dryander, and another unidentified species of stryrax. 
It contains benzoic acid in the proportions 12 to 20 per 
cent to which it probably owes its action. 

Habitat. — Southern Asia. 

Properties. — In pebble-like ])odies or tears, slightly 
flattened, straight or curved, yellowish to rusty-brown 
externally, milky-white on fresh fractures internally. 
Odor agreeable, balsamic; taste slightly acrid. It is 
almost w^holly soluble in five parts of moderately warm 
alcohol, and in solutions of the fixed alkalies. When 
heated it gives off fumes of benzoic acid. 

Constituents. — Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid; resins 
and a volatile oil. 

PREPARATIONS 
ADEPS BENZOINATUS— BENZOINATED 

LARD 

Made by melting lard 1,000, with benzoin 20; and 
straining, used as an ointment itself, and as a base for 
other ointments. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 67 

TINCTURA BENZOINI— TINCTURE OF 
BENZOIN 

JMade by maceration of benzoin 200, in alcohol; 
filtration and addition of alcohol to make 1,000. 

Dose.— Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 30 to 60 ms. 

TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA— COM- 
POUND TINCTURE OF BENZOIN 

Commonly known as Friar's Balsam. Benzoin, 100; 
pm-ified aloes, 20; storax, 80; balsam of tolu, 40; alcohol 
to make 1,000. Made by digestion and filtration. 

ACIDUM BENZOICUM— BENZOIC ACID 

Derivation.— Obtained from benzoin by sublima- 
tion, or artificially prepared. 

Properties. — White feathery crystals of a peculiar, 
agreeable odor, and warm acidulous taste, sparingly 
soluble in cold water (1 to 500) , more soluble in boiling 
water, 1 in 15, and in 2 parts of alcohol; borax renders 
it more soluble. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, ammonium carbonate. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1/2 to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 grs. 

AMMONII BENZOAS— AMMONIUM 
BENZOATE 

Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia 
water. In white crystals. Soluble in 10.5 parts of water; 
in 25 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. 

SODII BENZOAS— sodium BENZOATE 

Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium car- 
bonate of benzoic acid. Occurs in a white powder. 
Soluble in 1.6 parts of water; in 43 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. 

LITHII BENZOAS— LITHIUM BENZOATE 

Made by decomposing lithium carbonate with ben- 
zoic acid. It should contam not less than 98.5 per cent 



68 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

of pure lithium benzoate, and should be kept in a well 
stopped bottle. Soluble in 3 parts of water, and in 13 
parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. 

Actions. — Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expectorant 
and antiseptic ; benzoic acid is quite powerful ; it renders 
alkaline urine acid; it is used to dissolve phosphatic 
calculi. 

Uses. — The tincture and compound tincture are used 
as stimulants and antiseptics for wounds and sores. 
Benzoic acid, when administered internally, acts mildly 
as an antiseptic to the bladder; useful in catarrh of the 
bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in bronchial catarrh. 
Benzoate of ammonia is used to dissolve phosphatic 
calculi. Lithium benzoate has been highly recommended 
as a remedy for rheumatic effections. 

CALAMUS— SWEET FLAG 

The unpeeled, dried rhizome of acorus calamus 
Linne. 

Habitat. — United States, Europe, Western and 
Southern Asia, including India and Japan. 

Properties. — The leaves as well as the root have 
an aromatic odor; but the root only is employed. It 
should be collected late in the autumn, or in the early 
spring. After removal from the ground, the roots are 
washed, freed from their fibers, and dried with moderate 
heat. By drying they lose nearly one-half their diam- 
eter, but are improved in odor and taste. 

Constituents. — Acorin, a liquid, yellow glucoside, 
having a bitter taste ; a volatile oil ; calamine ; choline. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; dogs, 15 grs to 1 dr. 

PREPARATIONS 
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALAMI— FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF CALAMUS 
Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation. 
Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 3 drs. ; dogs, 15 ms. to 1 dr. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 69 

Action and Uses. — Calanus is a feeble aromatic 
bitter, and is therefore useful in loss of appetite and in- 
digestion associated with mild forms of flatulence. The 
powdered root is used as a base in powders, balls and 
electuaries. It is harmless, and the dose is therefore 
unimportant. 

CALX LIME— CALCIUM OXIDE 

Derivation. — Prepared by burning white marble, 
oyster shells, or the purest varieties of natural calcum 
carbonate ; to expel carbon dioxide. 

Properties. — Lime is in hard, white or grayish- 
white masses, which in contact with air gradually attract 
moisture and carbon dioxide and fall to a white powder; 
odorless; of a sharp caustic taste. Soluble in water; 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Actions. — Antacid, gastric sedative, intestinal as- 
tringent, desiccant. 

Uses. — Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined 
with opium tannic acid, also antiseptics; makes a very 
good dusting powder over abraided surfaces. Lime 
water and milk equal parts and sweetened is very good 
for puppies raised on a bottle as it is easily digested. 

LINIMENTUM CALCIS— LIME LINIMENT 
(Carron Oil) 
Composed of lime water and raw linseed oil equal 
parts; is very good for burns. Carron oil given in- 
ternally is a good, mild laxative and antacid for horses 
with heaves. It is given on the food. It is also an ex- 
cellent purgative for foals and calves in the treatment 
of diarrhoea and indigestion. 

CALUMBA 

The dried transversely cut slices of the root of 
Jaterorhiza Columba. 

Habitat. — Mozambique, East Africa. Cultivated 
in the East Indies. 

Properties. — ^Odor slight, taste bitter. It contains 



70 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 



calumbin, a neutral bitter, crystalline substance; an al- 
kaloid, berberine ; calumbic acid and starch. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs. ; dogs, 5 to 30 grs. 

PREPARATIONS 
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALUMBAE— FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF CALUMBA 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water, and evaporation. 
Dose. — Same as columba. 

TINCLURA CALUMBAE— TINCTURE OF 
COLUMBA 

Made by maceration and percolation of calumbae, 
with alcohol and water. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 ozs.; sheep and 
pigs, 14 to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr. 

Actions and Uses. — Calumba is a bitter, gastric 
stimulant and carminative. It promotes secretion of 
gastric juice and improves the appetite. As it contains 
no tannin it is devoid of astringency and may be pre- 
scribed with preparations of iron. Like qussia, calumba 
infusion may be used to destroy worms in the horse's 
rectum. 

CAMBOGIA— GAMBOGE 

A gimi-resin obtained from garcinia hunburii 
Hooker filius (nat. ord. guttiferae). 

Habitat. — Southern Asia. 

Properties. — In cylindrical pieces, usually hollow 
in the center, externally grayish orange-brown, longitud- 
inally striate ; fracture conchordal, orange-red, waxy and 
somewhat p orous; inodorous; taste very acid. Powder 
bright yellow, sternutatoiy, containing few or no starch 
grains. Not more than 25 per cent should be soluble 
in alcohol; ash not more than 3 per cent. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 1% oz.; 
sheep and pigs, 20 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. 

Actions. — Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue purga- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 71 

tive, and slightly diuretic. Its action is uncertain and 
often violent, with production of griping pains. Large 
doses cause vomiting in the dog and gastro-enteritis in 
all that cannot vomit. Gamboge is dissolved by the bile 
and alkaline intestinal juices and some of it is absorbed, 
since it colors the urine j^ellow in its elimination and 
occasions diuresis. 

Uses. — Gamboge should never be prescribed alone. 
It has been recommended in obstinate constipation, indi- 
gestion, impaction of the third stomach, and brain dis- 
eases of cattle, conjoined with salts, or nibbed up with 
water and an equal amount of aloes (each one ounce) . 

CAMPHORA— CAMPHOR— GUM CAMPHOR 

Derivation. — Camphor is obtained from a tree 
known as Laurel Camphor. The branches are cut and 
boiled in water and the camphor rises to the top in the 
form of gum. 

Habitat. — Japan, China and Sunda Islands. 

Properties. — White translucent masses, of a tough 
consistence and a crj^stalline structure, readily pulver- 
izable in the presence of a little alcohol ether or chloro- 
form; having a penetrating characteristic odor, and a 
pungent aromatic taste. Very sparingly soluble in 
water, but readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform 
carbon disulphide, petroleum, benzine and in fixed and 
volatile oils. On exposure to the air, it evaporates more 
or less rapidly at ordinary temperatures, and when mod- 
erately heated, it sublimes without leaving a residue. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 3 drs. ; cattle, 2 to 4 drs. ; sheep 
and pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr. ; dogs, 3 to 30 grs. 

PREPARATIONS 
AQUA CAMPHORAE— CAMPHOR WATER 

Tincture camphor 8, with alcohol 8 and purified talc 
15; then with water to make 1000 filter. 

Camphor water has this advantage over camphor in 
substance, that the latter is with difficulty dissolved by 
liquids of the stomach ; but it is too feeble a preparation 
for use when a decided effect is desired ; it is, however, 



72 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

an excellent vehicle for the administration of more active 
substances. 

Dose. — Ad lib. 

SPIRITUS CAMPHORAE— SPIRIT OF 
CAMPHOR 

Made by dissolving gum camphor, 100, in alcohol, 
800; filter and add alcohol to make 1000. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 30 grs. to 1 dr. Spirit of camphor 
is frequently prescribed in colic mixtures. 

LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE— CAMPHOR 
LINIMENT— CAMPHORATED OIL 

Made by adding camphor, 200 parts to cottonseed 
oil, 800 parts. 

It is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough mixtures, 
also used locally in liniments. 

CERATUM CAMPHORAE— CAMPHOR 
CERATE 

Composed of camphor liniment, 100 parts, white 
wax 350 parts, white petrolatum 150 parts, lard 400 
parts. 

For external use only. 

LINIMENTUM SAPONIS— SOAP LINIMENT 
Composed of soap 60 ])arts, camphor 45 parts, oil 
of rosemary 10 parts, alcohol 725 parts, water to make 
1000 parts; for external use only, as a mild stimulating 
and anodyne liniment, usually combined with other 
medicines and used for its stimulating properties. 

CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA — MONOBRO- 
MATED CAMPHOR 

Derivation. — ]Made by heating cani]>hor and bro- 
mine in the proper chemical proportions for three 
hours in a sealed tube, in a water bath. The cry- 
stalline masses washed with water, recrystallized from 
alcohol after treatment with animal charcoal, washed 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 73 

with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, then 
with much water and finally recrystallized from a mix- 
ture of alcohol and ether. It is very easy to prepare 
the monobromide on a small scale in this way. 

Properties. — Colorless, prismatic needles or scales, 
permanent in air, almost soluble in water, freely solu- 
ble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and fixed and volatile 
oils; used frequently as an anaphrodisiac. 

Dose. — Dogs, 2 to 10 gr. 

Actions. — Antispasmodic or nen^e stimulant, ano- 
dyne, antiseptic, diaphoretic, a stimulant, expectorant, a 
cerebral excitant or narcotic, a gastro-intestinal irritant, 
a rubefacient or counter-irritant and also carminative. 
It has an acrid hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous 
membrane, large doses causing gastro-intestinal inflam- 
mation. 

Medical doses stimulate the vaso-motor system and 
the cardic-motor ganglia, and lessens the influence of 
the pneumogastric (inhibitory nerve) ; afterwards stim- 
ulates the accelerator apparatus, thus increasing the 
circulation and raising arterial tension; it also stimu- 
lates respiration, and in man stimulates mental activity 
even to intoxication. 

Uses. — In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, 
acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia. The spirits 
of camphor is used in colic mixtures ; also locally to stop 
secretions of milk applied frequently; in cardiac weak- 
ness; stangury may be relieved by one to two ounce 
doses of the spirits for the horse. Spirits of camphor is 
used in Thumps. 

Camphor is a valuable medicine in dian*hoea, partic- 
ularly in serious variety, and in that form following ex- 
posure to cold. It is not useful in inflammatory con- 
ditions, but checks secretions and pain. 

Spirit of camphor and nitrous ether are efficient in 
relieving irritation of the genito-urinaiy tract. Cam- 
phor has proven of service in purpura hemorrhagica of 
horses given three times daily in capsules or pills. 



74 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

CANTHARIS — CANTHARIDES — SPANISH 
FLY— BLISTER BEETLES 

Derivation. — Cantharides is obtained from flies 
which receive the name Spanish Fly on account of so 
many of them coming from Spain, but they are also 
imported from Germany and Russia; living chiefly on 
climbing shrubs and trees. 

Description. — About 20 to 25 m. m. long and about 
6 mm. broad, flattish cylindrical, with filiform antennae, 
black in the upper part, and with long wing-sheaths, and 
ample membranous, transparent, brownish wings, else- 
where of a shining, coppery-green color. The powder 
is grayish-brown, and contains green shining particles. 
Odor strong and disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards 
irritating. Cantharides deteriorate with age and should 
be kept unpowdered in tightly stoppered bottles. 

Dose. — Of the powdered fly, horses and cattle, 5 to 
10 gi'. ; sheep and pigs, 3 to 6 gr. ; dogs, I/2 to 2 gr. 

TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS— TINCTURE OF 
CANTHARIDES 

Prepared by percolation of powdered cantharides, 
100 parts, with alcohol to make 1000 parts. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 15 to 30 m. ; dogs, 2 to 15 m. 

Actions. — Externally, is rubefacient, irritant, vesi- 
cant, according to the strength used, it promotes water 
blister; counter-irritant, etc. Cantharides acts more 
powerfully on the skin of horses and dogs than on that 
of cattle and swine. If applied over an extensive sur- 
face, absorption and poisoning ma}^ occur. 

Internally cantharides is an irritant, and produces 
its effects on any ])art which the free cantharidin is 
brought into contact. When swallowed it irritates the 
digestive mucous membrane; large doses ]>roduce gastro- 
enteritis. The active cantharidin is absorbed, and in 
the blood forms a non-irritant albuminoid, but in the 
kidneys is again liberated, developing its characteristic 
irritation, medical doses stimulating the urino-genital 
tract, causing diuresis, and in some animals increases 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 75 

sexual appetite; full doses induce inflammation, slow 
and painful discharge of bloody urine. 

Uses. — Externally cantharides is employed as a 
blister laibefacient or as a counter-irritant; blisters are 
formed in from two to eight hours. If repeatedly used 
it may cause sloughing of the tissue; cantharides may 
be used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, 
except in inflammation of the urinaiy organs, as it is 
absorbed and will increase the inflammation. Cantha- 
rides conjoined with red mercurous iodide and adaps 
is usually employed in the treatment of diseases of the 
bones, joints, bursae, ligaments and tendons. In ex- 
ostoses, as bone spavin and ring bone, used most ef- 
fectively after the actual cautery, to secure absorption 
and resolution, or anchylosis. Always clip off the hair 
close before applying a blister, tie or muzzle the animal 
so he cannot bite it; leave blister on forty-eight hours, 
then wash and grease the parts daily. A cantharides 
blister is sometimes beneficial in hastening the forma- 
tion of abscess (distemper) ; also to stimulate indolent 
ulcers or wounds ; it causes swelling and closes the open- 
ing of small umbilical hernias of foals and calves. It 
is also valuable in closing and sealing punctured wounds 
into joints and synovial cavities. The tincture of can- 
tharides can be applied once or twice daily, full strength, 
when the exudation of much serum is desired. Can- 
tharides is seldom used internally except in incon- 
tinuence of urine from debility or partial paralysis of the 
bladder. Seldom used to increase sexual desire. The 
tincture of cantharides should be employed when the 
drug is administered internally. 

CAPSICUM— RED PEPPER— CAYENE 
PEPPER 

The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume 
deprived of its calyx. 

Habitat. — Tropical America; cultivated also in 
other tropical countries. 

Properties. — Capsicum when ground has a hot, 
pungent, spicy taste. 



76 



^^ETERIXAKY MEDICINES 



Constituents. — Capsicum contains capsaicin, a 
crystallizable, acrid body; capsicin, a volatile alkaloid; 
a fixed oil ; fatty matter ; resin. 

Dose. — Horses, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.. 
sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr. 



PREPARATIONS 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM CAPSICI— FLUID EX- 
TRACT OF CAPSICUM 
Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, 
and evaporated, so that 1 cc. equals 1 gm. of the crude 
drug. 

Dose. — Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; 
sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m. ; dogs, 1 to 5 m. 

TINCTURA CAPSICI— TINCTURE OF 
CAPSICUM 
Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol 
and water to make 1,000. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, l/o to 1 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 20 m. to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 m. 

OLEORESINA CAPSICI— OLEORESIN OF 
CAPSICUM 

Made by ]:>ercolation with acetone, distillation and 
evaporation of the residue. 

Dose. — Horses, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, 14 to 1 dr.; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 5 m. ; dogs, i/o to 1 m. 

Action and Uses. — Capsicum and its preparations 
are irritants, stimulating stomachics, carminatives and 
rubefacients. Large doses, especially in carnivora and 
omnivora, are irritant poisons, inflaming the alimen- 
tary and sometimes also the urino-genital mucous mem- 
branes. Properh^ regulated doses are indicated in 
atonic indigestion and flatulent colic in horses combined 
with ammonium carbonate. It may be advantageously 
combined witli ])itters, as nux vomica. Capsicum is a 
favorite stimulant and tonic remedy — to the digestion — 
with poultry fanciers. It also increases the laying of 
eggs when given to hens. Externally capsicum is rube- 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 77 

facient and counter-irritant, producing about the same 
degree of irritation as mustard, but causing considerable 
pain. It ought not be used for blistering ointments or 
for setons. 

CHLOROFORMUM— CHLOROFORM 

A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent, by weight, 
of absolute chloroform, and 0.6 to 1 per cent alcohol. 

Derivation. — ^Alcohol and water are heated in a still 
to 37.70 C. (100° F.), when chlorinated lime is added 
and chloroform is evolved. 

Properties. — Chloroform is a heavy, clear, colorless, 
mobile and diffusible liquid, of a characteristic ethereal 
odor, and a burning sweet taste. Specific gravity not 
below 1.476 at 25° C. (77° F.). Soluble in 200 times 
its volume of cold water, and in all proportions in alco- 
hol, ether, benzol, benzine and the fixed and volatile oils. 
Chloroform is not inflammable. Chloroform should be 
kept in dark amber colored well stoppered bottles in a 
cool and dark place. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
20 to 40 m. ; dogs, 2 to 8 m. Should be well diluted with 
glycerine, syrup, eggs or diluted alcohol ; the above dose 
can be repeated every two or three hours. 

PREPARATIONS 
AQUA CHLOROFORMI — CHLOROFORM 
WATER 
A saturated solution of chloroform and distilled wa- 
ter, it should contain one-half per cent of chloroform. 
Chloroform water has been proven to be an excellent 
vehicle for administering active remedies, and, owing to 
its antiseptic properties, mixtures having it for a basis 
resist decomposition longer than those made with ordi- 
nary water. Used extensively as a vehicle in cough and 
diarrhoea mixtures. 

LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI — CHLORO- 
FORM LINIMENT 
Made, from chloroform, 300 parts, soap liniment 700 
parts. 



78 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

SPIRITUS CPILOROFORMI 

Made from chloroform 60 parts, alcohol, 940 parts. 
Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr. ; dogs, 20 to 40 m. 

CHLOROFORM EMULSUM— EMULSION OF 
CHLOROFORM 

Made from chloroform, expressed oil of almond, 
tragacanth and water. Should contain four per cent of 
chloroform. A good agent and vehicle for diarrhoea 
and vermifuge mixtures for small animals. 

Dose. — Dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz. ; cats, l/o to 1 dr. 

Actions. — Chloroform is a topical irritant, anti- 
septic, parasiticide, carminative, antispasmodic and anal- 
gesic. Full doses quickly and ])owerfully ])aralyze the 
cerebro-spinal nervous system ; chloroform kills by para- 
lyzing the heart and respiration; the latter effects are 
most rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chlor- 
oform is the general anaesthetic most used for veterinary 
purposes except for dogs. 

Externally it is rubefacient if confined or even sup- 
purant. It also acts as a refrigerant, anodyne and local 
anaesthetic if not confined. It penetrates the skin very 
readily and on this account is commonly used in lini- 
ments to aid in the absorption of other medicines. 

Chloroform compared to ether is much more irri- 
tating to the mucous membrane, and causes violent 
gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted; it is less stimu- 
lating and more depressing to the heart and circulation. 
For inhalation it requires much more air; is less irri- 
tant to the air passages than ether; is uninflammable, 
more pleasant, more prompt in action, has a shorter 
stage of excitement, causes a more profound narcosis, 
and is not so nauseating as ether and is cheaper. Sta- 
tistics show it to be five times more fatal than ether. 

The results of various experiments show that chloro- 
form and ether both act in the same manner upon the 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 79 

heart and respiration, paralyzing the latter first; but 
chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than 
ether in both directions. But when chloroform is in- 
haled in a concentrated form it generally paralyzes the 
heart first. 

Uses. — Chloroform should be used as an aid in pain- 
ful and prolonged cases of parturition, especially where 
you have tumultuous contraction of the uterus, or rigid 
contraction of the os. Use just enough by inhalation 
to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in 
your efforts to rectify abnormal presentations by relax- 
ing the parts. 

Internally it is used in spasmodic and flatulent colic 
as it is an antispasmodic carminative and anodyne in its 
effects ; chloroform combined with belladonna and opium 
is very beneficial in spasmodic coughs, given in linseed 
gruel or water, well diluted; in liniments about one or 
two ounces to the ])int. Chloroform is used in chronic 
diarrhoea with other medicines, such as morphine, cap- 
sicum, camphor, oil of peppermint and ether. It is also 
a good taeniacide. 

ANESTHESIA 

Anesthesia is divided into three stages ; the stimu- 
lant, anaesthetic and paralytic. 

In the first stage there is struggling and excitement, 
due partly to the action of the drug and partly to fright. 
The local irritant action of the vapor causes choking and 
coughing, v/hich also induces struggling. 

The respiratoiy and cardiac centers are temporarily 
stimulated, as a consequence of which the pulse and res- 
piratory movements are increased in force and frequency 
and blood tension is raised. 

The smaller animals, particularly the dog, may vomit 
during the first stage of anaesthesia. In the first stage 
the dog may bark, whine or howl, the horse neighs and 
groans; other animals give expression to sounds more 
or less characteristic to their species. 

The second or anesthetic stage is characterized by 



80 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

loss of consciousness, sensation, motion and partial loss 
of reflex action and is that state suitable for operations. 
The stimulating action of the anesthetic has passed 
and there is now depression of the cerebral functions, 
the motor centers. The voluntary muscles are com- 
pletely relaxed, the sphincters occasionally, the patient 
lies aijsolutely motionless, the cornea fails to respond 
to irritation, i. e., winking is not produced when the 
cornea is lightly touched w^ith the finger. Sometimes 
the muscles are rigid and twitching during this stage of 
anesthesia, though sensation and consciousness are 
absent. 'In the anesthesia stage the ]nilse is slow, full 
and strong, due to lowered blood pressure, the breath- 
ing is slow and shallow but regular. 

The third or paralytic stage, which must be carefully 
watched against, poisoning is beginning and there is 
depression of the three great medullary center control- 
ing the heart, respiration and vascular tension and also 
the posterior reflex centers of the spinal cord, so that 
the urine and faeces are passed involuntarily. The pas- 
sage of urine frequently occurs in the first stages of 
anesthesia and should not of itself be considered a 
danger mark. When the pulse becomes rapid, feeble 
and irregular, the breathing is at first stertorous and 
then the respiratory movements become shallow and 
weak, with long intervals intervening between them; this 
irregularity is a most important danger sign. The skin 
and mucous membrane often become cold and clammy. 
The pupils are usually widely dilated, though death 
may occur with either dilated or contracted pupils and 
consequently no dependence should be put in this sign 
unless there has been a sudden change from one con- 
dition of the pupils to the other. The three above men- 
tioned stages are conventional, and are not in any case so 
clearly defined in practice as they are described theoret- 
ically upon paper. The first stage may be either absent 
or prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached 
at all. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 



81 



COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH 
CHLOROFORM 



Ether. 


Chloroform. 


More diffusible. 


Less diffusible ; vapor 
heavier. 


Inflammable and ex- 
plosive. 


Not inflammable, but 
vapor decomposes when 
exposed to a light and 
causes irritation and some 
times death. 


Stimulant to heart, ex- 
cept in enormous quanti- 
ties. 


Depresses powerfully 
the heart respiratory and 
vaso-motor centers in 
large doses. 


Irritating (due to ex- 
clusion of air) , may induce 
bronchitis and nephritis. 


Less irritating (on ac- 
count of more air being re- 
quired for dilution. 


Respiratory centers not 
so easily or suddenly de- 
pressed as by chloroform. 


Three to five times more 
dangerous ( deaths ) than 
ether. 


Larger quantities re- 
quired. 


Smaller quantities re- 
quired. 


Less rapid. 


Acts quickly. 


More expensive. 


Cheaper. 


Kills by respiratory fail- 
ure. 


Death from respiratory 
failure, combined with car- 
diac depression. 



Consequently you can see considering both drugs 
to be properly administered, all the advantages are in 
favor of chloroform except safety. 

Ether is to be preferred for dogs, cats and other 
small animals. 

Chloroform is especially dangerous for dogs, though 
horses stand it exceptionally well and it is preferable to 



82 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

ether in large animals. The safety with which chloro- 
form may be administered to large animals frequently 
makes veterinarians careless; that is, they "force" the 
drug; they do not allow sufficient air for dilution, and 
though the patients may not die from the immediate 
effects of the drug their existence may be terminated in 
a few days from pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia 
(machanical), due to the irritating effects of the drug. 

Anaesthesia. — It is best to cast the large animals; 
after complete anaesthesia remove the hobbles. 

For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put a 
sponge in the bottom, allowing a small opening in the 
end to admit air; pour in ether a little at a time. 

In brain diseases or tumors of the brain, chloroform 
is dangerous. Horses with heaves or emphysema should 
not take chloroform; it is also dangerous in fatty degen- 
eration of the heart. Operations during incomplete 
anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, are dangerous; 
always produce complete anaesthesia, have the stomach 
empty, but don't fast animals for more than two or three 
meals. 

'Things to rcmemher when administering an anaes- 
thetic : 

The operator must be skilled and give his atten- 
tion exclusively to the production of anaesthesia, watch- 
ing the respiration and pulse for signs of failure. 

Do not commence operation until anaesthesia is pro- 
found, until reflex action is abolished, which can be told 
by touching the eye with the finger; obey this, no matter 
how slight the operation. The utmost care should be 
exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degenera- 
tion of the heart, or lung diseases. 

Great care should be exercised in operations about 
the mouth or trachea. See that no blood passes down 
the trachea. The stomach and bowels should be empty. 
This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated 
and run down the trachea. 

When purchasing chloroform or ether for anaes- 
thetic purposes insist on the best ; it must be pure. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 83 

Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being 
necessarily allowed for dilution ; chloroform must have a 
large amount of air. 

In all classes of patients the head should be slightly 
raised, and watch the tongue so that it does not fall back 
over the larynx and suffocate the animal. 

Anaesthesia should be started very slowly; don't 
force either chloroform or ether. 

It is a good practice to have restoratives ready for 
use before commencing anaesthesia, as aqua ammonia 
fort., a hypodermic syringe and nitro-glycerin. 

CINCHONA 

Origin. — Cinchona is obtained from the bark of a 
tree (Cinchona Calisaya), which grows in South Amer- 
ica, East Indies and Jamaica. It contains at least 
five per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not less 
than one-half should be quinine sulphate, which is the 
most important. 

Actions. — Cinchona is an astringent. Other than 
that cinchona and its alkaloids possess the same actions, 
that being, bitter tonic, stimulant, antiseptic, antiperi- 
odic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmatic, stom- 
achic and antif erment. Large doses are general depres- 
sants. 

Uses. — Cinchona and its alkaloids are recommended 
for all classes of patients as bitter stomachic and tonics. 
They stimulate the appetite, check abnormal gastro-in- 
testinal fermentation and counteract relaxed conditions 
of the intestines and the accumulations of mucus, which 
prove favorable to the development of worms. 

In troublesome cases of antonic indigestion in horses 
respond rapidly when quinine sulphate is frequently 
given in thirty to forty grain doses with half a drachm 
of dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid. Weak foals and 
calves suffering from relaxed condition of the bowels, 
following a dose of castor oil are often much benefited 
by a few doses of cinchona bark, hydrochloric acid dilute 
and brandy. 

Few medicines are so effectual as cinchona bark or 



84 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

quinine sulphate in improving appetite and muscular 
strength and hastening convalescence from debilitating 
disease. 

They are advantageous in anaemia joined with iron 
salts. 

Good results are obtained from cinchona or quinine in 
the earlier stages of tuberculosis, in septicaemia and 
pyaemia in all animals ; in influenza, protracted cases of 
strangles, purpura and other similar diseases of the 
horse; in septic metritis in cows and ewes and in linger- 
ing cases of distemper in dogs. Their beneficial effects 
in these and other diseases probably depending on the 
action of quinine or micro-organisms or their products. 
It is often useful in rheumatism conjoined with salicylic 
acid or potassium iodide. Administered with cathartics, 
like other bitter tonics, it generally increases their activ- 
ity. Alternated with cod liver or olive oil and iron, 
quinine is the best tonic for weak dogs and those suffer- 
ing from chorea. 

Quinine and urea hydrochloride has recently come 
into use as local anaesthetic. One per cent solutions 
make a satisfactory substitute for cocaine, etc. It also 
has advantages over cocaine. It is non-toxic, it may be 
exposed to a boiling temperature and its anaesthetic 
effect for dogs after an operation, therefore aiding in 
dressing of wounds. Its anaesthetic effect comes on 
within five minutes to half an hour after being injected 
into the intended seat of operation. 

Speaking from practical experience, I prefer quinine 
and urea hydrochloride to cocaine or any of its allies. 

Dose. — Of the powdered cinchona bark: Horses, 2 
dr. to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr. ; 
dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr. 

ALKALOIDAL SALTS OF CINCHONA— 

QUININAE SULPHAS— SULPHATE 

OF QUININE 

Dose. — As a tonic: Horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 

l/o to II4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs and 

cats, 1 to 2 gr. As antipyretic Dose: Horses and 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 85 

cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 gr to 1 dr.; dogs 
and cats, 5 to 10 gr. 

QUININAE ET UREAE HYDROCHLORIDUM 
—QUININE AND UREA HYDROCHLO- 
RIDE (NON-OFFICIAL) 

Soluble in 18 parts of water. Use hypodermically 
as a local anesthetic. 

COCAINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM — COCAINE 
HYDROCHLORIDE 

"The dried leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck 
(Fam. Erythroxylaceae), known commercially as 
Huanuco Coca, or of E. Truxillense Rusby, known com- 
mercially as Truxillo Coca, yielding when assayed not 
less than 0.5 per cent of the ether-soluble alkaloids of 
coca." U. S. "The dried leaves of Erythroxylum 
Coca, Lam., and its varieties." 

Habitat. — Cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and in- 
troduced into medicine by Koller in 1884. 

Derivation. — Cocaine hydrochloride is recovered 
by agitating an acidulated alcoholic solution of coca 
leaves with ether. The etheral liquid is made alkaline 
with sodium carbonate and evaporated. The residue is 
purified, deodorized, neutralized with hydrochloric acid 
and finally crystallized. 

Properties. — A colorless, transparent, monoclinic 
prism, flaky, lusterous leaflets or a white crystalline 
powder; permanent in air, containing no water of 
crystallization ; odorless ; of a saline, slightly bitter taste, 
and producing on the tongue a tingling sensation fol- 
lowed by numbness of several minutes' duration. Solu- 
ble in 0.4 part of water, 2.6 parts of alcohol and in 18.5 
parts of chloroform at 25° C. (77° F.) ; soluble in ben- 
zine, petroleum benzine and ether. It leaves no residue 
on incineration. Its aquous solution is neutral to litmus 
paper. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 gr. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 3 gr. ; dogs, % to 1 gr. Not much used inter- 
nally. 



86 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Action. — Cocaine in small doses is a cerebral, car- 
diac, respiratory and nervous stimulant and dieuretic; 
overdoses cause delirium with cardiac and respiratory 
failure. Cocaine is a powerful local anaesthetic; used 
for all animals in 4 to 10 per cent solution, usually a 
4 to 6 per cent solution is strong enough for ordinary 
operations. Inject under the skin, into the muscular 
tissue or over nei*ve trunks for minor operations. Ap- 
plied to such structures as the eye, penis, tongue and 
other delicate mucous surfaces as the uterus, vagina, 
rectum, etc. It causes profound but temporary anaes- 
thesia over a small area; it causes rapid and extreme 
dilation of the pupil. 

Cocaine is injected for minor operations to prevent 
pain, such as neurectony, removing tumors, operations 
on the eyes, tongue, fistulae, firing, etc. For dogs it 
should be used with great caution, a two per cent solu- 
tion usually being enough and as little as possible being 
used. 

For the horse, as a rule, not more than two drachms 
of a five per cent solution should be injected subcuta- 
neously, lest restlessness, excitement, etc., ensue, which 
though not necessarily dangerous, may interfere with 
the operation. 

In using cocaine as a diagnostic agent for lameness, 
the fact must not be lost sight of that it is a cerebral 
stimulant and that if a large quantity is injected it may 
cause such a degree of excitement as to make the patient 
forget his lameness, thus leading the operator to believe 
that the improvement is due to anaesthesia below the 
point of injection, when the apparent remission from the 
lameness is of physical origin. Cocaine is advanta- 
geously used in painful eye affections. Its effects may 
be prolonged and the danger of its use lessened by dis- 
solving the cocaine in a 1 to 1000 adrenalin chloride 
solution. 

CRETA PRAEPARATA— PREPARED CHALK 

Derivation. — Native calcium carbonate, freed from 
most of its impurities by elutriation. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 87 

Properties. — A white, amorphous powder, often 
molded into conical drops; odorless and tasteless; per- 
manent in the air. Almost insoluble in water ; insoluble 
in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 2 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep 
and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr. 

PREPARATIONS 
PULVIS CRETAE COMPOSITUS— COM- 
POUND CHALK POWDER 
Composed of chalk, 30 parts ; acacia, 20 parts ; sugar, 
50 parts. 

Dose. — Dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr. 

MISTURA CRETAE— CHALK MIXTURE 

Composed of compound chalk powder, 20 parts ; cin- 
namon water, 40 parts; water to make 100. 

Dose. — Dogs, 1 to 2 oz. ; cats, 1 to 2 dr. 

Actions. — Internally, chalk is the slowest acting 
antacid, because of its comparative insolubility and is of 
value when it can exert its long-continued influence 
throughout the digestive tract. It resembles bismuth in 
mechanically coating or protecting inflamed or irritable 
surfaces. It is not so astringent nor antiseptic as the 
bismuth salts, and these are generally preferable to chalk 
for the smaller animals. It is excreted unchanged in 
the feces. Externally it is a dessicant and slightly 
astringent powder, also protective. 

Uses. — Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist 
eczema, slight burns and intertrigo ; zinc oxide and starch 
(one to four) is, however, a better preparation. Chalk 
is the most useful antacid for diarrhoea accompanied by 
fermentation of the intestinal contents, while its local 
astringent and protecting influence assists in overcoming 
the trouble. It is especially good for foals and calves 
given in flour gruel and often conjoined with catechu, 
ginger and opium. 

Chalk may be given to dogs in pills or powder; to 
other animals in powder, capsules or electuary. Chalk 
is frequently prescribed suspended in flour, gruel, milk 



88 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 



or mucilage to the larger animals. The chalk prepara- 
tions are suitable for dogs and cats. 

CUPRI SULPHAS— COPPER SULPHATE- 
BLUE VITRIOL— BLUE STONE 

Derivation. — Boil metallic copper and sulphuric 
acid together. Dissolve product in hot water and 
crystallize. 

Properties. — Large, transparent, deep blue, tri- 
clinic crystals; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; 
slowly efflorescent in dry air; soluble in water; almost 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
20 to 40 gr; dogs, 1 to 2 gr. 

As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times 
daily; given either in capsule or in some mucilagenous 
solution, or in powder form, with some inert substance; 
when given as a tonic should be given at time of feeding, 
or right after eating. 

Actions. — Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, 
tonic, emetic in large doses; acts directly on the stomach; 
antiseptic and vermifuge. 

Uses. — Internally used as emetic, antidote for phos- 
phorus, atony of the bowels, dian-hoea, especially com- 
bined with dilute sulphuric acid opium; is supposed to 
prevent the development of farcy and glanders in ex- 
posed animals. LTsed externally as a caustic and stim- 
ulant; styptic, also used for foot-rot; for granular eye- 
lids, touch lightly over the granular siu'face with the 
sulphate of copper. 

DIGITALIS— FOXGLOVE 

The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linne (Fam. 
Scrophulariaceae-, collected from plants of the second 
year's growth, at the commencement of flowering. 

Habitat. — Foxglove grows wild in the temperate 
parts of Europe, where it flowers in the middle of sum- 
mer. In this country it is cultivated for ornamental 
and for medical use. 

Properties. — Foxglove is without odor in the re- 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 89 

cent state, but acquires a faint narcotic odor when dried. 
The color of the dried leaf is a dull pale green, modified 
by the whitish down upon the under surface; that of 
the powder is a fine deep green. 

Constituents. — Digitalein, Digitonin, Digitalin 
and Digitoxin, the latter is most poisonous and active. 
Said to be cunuilative. 

Dose. — Digitalis leaves, horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cat- 
tle, 30 gr to ll/^ dr. ; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 gr. ; dogs, 
l/o to 3 gr. 

Active Principles. — Digitoxin — It occurs in cryst- 
als, soluble in alcohol and chloroform, slightly in ether, 
and insoluble in water ; said to be cumulative. 

Dose.— Horses and cattle, % to 14 gr. ; dogs, 1/250 
to 1/50 gr. 

Digitalein, an amorphous, bitter substance, soluble 
in water and alcohol and non-cumulative. 

Dose. — Same as digitoxin. 

Digitalin, a very bitter, crystalline substance, solu- 
ble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in water and ether. 

Dose. — Same as for digitoxin. 

Digitonin, resembling or identical with saponin of 
senega. White, amorphous powder, soluble in water. 
It is a heart depressant, muscular paralyzant and pow- 
erful irritant, besides being antagonistic to digitalis. In 
addition to these principles there are: Digitin, an in- 
active substance. Digitalic and antirrhinic acids. Tan- 
nin coloring matter, starch, sugar, gum, a volatile oil, 
salts, etc., common to most vegetables. 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS— EXTRACT OF 

DIGITALIS 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water; distillation of alcohol and evaporation to 
pilular substance. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1/2 to 2 gr. ; dogs, l/y to 1 gr. 



90 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 



FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS— FLUID 
EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS 
Prepared by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water, and evaporating so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. 
of the crude drug. 

Dose. — Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 m. to II/2 
dr. ; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 m. ; dogs, % to 2 m. 

TINCTURA DIGITALIS— TINCTURE OF 
DIGITALIS 

Composed of powdered digitalis 100 parts with suf- 
ficient alcohol and water to make 1000 parts. By ma- 
ceration and percolation. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
1/4 to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 m. 

INFUSUM DIGITALIS— INFUSION OF 
DIGITALIS 

Composed of digitalis 1.5 parts, alcohol 100 parts, 
cinnamon water 150 parts, boiling water 500 parts, cold 
water to make 1000 parts. By maceration. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
^ to 1 oz. ; dogs, 1 to 4 dr. 

There are several substitutes for digitalis found in 
commerce. 

Actions. — A cardiac and vascular tonic and stimu- 
lant, a motor excitant, paralyzant, anaphrodisiac, it is 
an indirect diuretic and an emetic, irritates the mucous 
membrane. 

The heart is slowed but the force is increased; digi- 
talis stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory 
apparatus and the vaso-motor centers, contracting the 
arterioles and thereby greatly raising the arterial ten- 
sion; large doses exhaust and paralyze the heart. 

Its diuretic action is very complex, one of the active 
principles, digitalin, increases the arterial pressure by 
contracting the blood vessels of the body, while the large 
renal arteries are dilated by two of its active ])rinciples, 
digitoxin and digitalein. On this account digitalis is an 
ideal diuretic. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 



91 



Uses. — It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full doses, 
followed by small ones ; used in heart and cardiac debility 
from any cause, irregularity of the heart due to debility ; 
used in dropsical conditions, combined with acetate or 
nitrate of potash; it is useful in congestion of organs, 
useful in the first stages of pneumonia and scarlatina; 
as a diuretic over the region of the kidneys this can be 
used two or three times daily; when internal remedies 
fail to increase the action of the kidneys this is very ef- 
fectual. Useful in palpitation of the heart due to over- 
exertion. Digitalis is occasionally employed with good 
results as a poultice of the leaves, applied over the loins 
to promote diuresis, or in local inflammation, to contract 
blood vessels. 

FERRUM REDUCTUM— REDUCED IRON 

Derivation. — Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly 
made and carefully washed ferric oxide in a hot and 
closed tube. 

Properties. — A very fine grayish-black, lustreless 
powder, w^ithout odor or taste ; permanent in dry air ; in- 
soluble in water or alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep 
and pigs, 20 to 30 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 5 gr. 

FERRI SULPHAS — FERROUS SULPHATE- 
COPPERAS— GREEN VITRIOL 

Derivation. — Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in 
dilute sulphuric acid. 

Properties. — Large, pale bluish-green, monoclinic 
prisms, without odor and having a saline styptic taste; 
efflorescent in dry air. On exposure to moist air the 
crystals rapidly absorb oxygen and become coated with 
brownish-yellow, basic ferric sulphate; soluble in water, 
insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as reduced iron. 

FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS— DRIED 

FERROUS SULPHATE 
Derivation. — Allow ferrous sulphate, 100 parts, 



92 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

to effloresce at a temperature of 104° F., then heat on a 
water bath until the product weighs 65. 

Properties. — A grejash-white powder, slowly but 
completely soluble in water, without odor, and having a 
saline styptic taste. 

Dose. — Same as reduced iron. 

FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS— SAC- 
CHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE 

Derivation. — Ferrous sulphate, 50; sodium bicar- 
bonate, 35; sugar and distilled water. Made by solu- 
tion, precipitation and washing. 

Properties. — Greenish-brown powder, without 
odor; sweetish taste; becomes oxidized on exposure to 
the air. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, Yo to 1 oz.; sheep 
and pigs, 1/4 to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 10 gr. 

SYRUPUS FERRI lODIDI— SYRUP OF FER- 
ROUS IODIDE 

Contains five per cent, by weight, of ferrous iodide. 

Properties. — Transparent, pale green liquid ; sweet, 
ferruginous taste. 

Dose. — Horses, lA to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Given when you 
want the combined action of iron and iodine. 

Action. — Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmena- 
gogue. 

FERRI CHLORIDUM— FERRIC CHLORIDE 
Ferric chloride should contain not less than 22 per 

cent of metallic iron in the form of chloride. 

Properties. — It is in orange-yellow, crystalline 

pieces, odorless or having a faint odor of hydrochloric 

acid and a strong styptic taste; deliquescent; soluble in 

water and alcohol; not used internally. 

Used almost exclusively in the form of tincture or 

liquor, and in reference to its effect and application I 

refer you to Tincture Ferri Chloridi and Liquor Ferri 

Chloridi 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 93 

LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDE— SOLUTION OF 
FERRI CHLORIDE 

Derivation. — Dissolve iron wire, 125, in hydro- 
chloric acid, 680, nitric acid and water to make 1000. 

Properties. — A reddish-brown liquid, having a faint 
odor of hydrochloric acid, an acid, strongly styptic taste. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
10 to 20 m. ; dogs, 2 to 10 m. All liquid preparations 
of iron should be well diluted with water or oil. 

TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI— TINCTURE 
OF FERRIC CHLORIDE 

Composed of ferric chloride, 350 parts; alcohol to 
make 1000. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and 
pigs, 20 to 30 m. ; dogs, 5 to 30 m. 

LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS— SOLUTION 

OF FERRIC SUBSULPHATE— MONSEL'S 

SOLUTION 

A solution of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric 
acids. 

Properties.— A dark reddish-brown liquid, odor- 
less or nearly so ; of an acid, strongly styptic taste ; mis- 
cible in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, 2 to 10 m. This is used almost 
entirely for external use as an astringent and styptic. 

There are 36 official preparations of iron and a num- 
ber of unofficial preparations, quite a few of which are 
impracticable for use in veterinaiy medicine, conse- 
quently we have considered only those which are prac-^ 
ticable for use. Some are more irritating than others 
and some have special actions due to other drugs com- 
bined with the iron. 

GENERAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS 

Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism. It 

is constantly present in the blood, gastric juice, lymph, 

bile, pigment of the eye and traces of it in the milk and 



94 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

urine. In man there is 1 part of iron to 230 red blood 
corpuscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules. That 
it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid 
construction of red globules when iron is administered 
in anaemia. Without it liaematin is not formed and 
red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use 
we furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The 
action of iron is not limited merely to the construction 
of red blood. It also promotes the appetite and invigo- 
rates the digestion when there is no intolerance to its 
presence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition 
for food and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a 
stomachic, consequently w^hen given in the healthy state 
or when administered for too long a period during dis- 
ease the gastric glands become exhausted by over-stimu- 
lation; then it is said that iron disagrees. Being a re- 
storative its use is contra-indicated in a condition of ple- 
thora (fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses 
the soluble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and 
vomiting, some of them possessing more or less toxic ac- 
tivity. The iodide chloride and sulphate are the most 
active. Large doses will produce gangrene of the 
stomach and intestines. Certain salts of iron, as the 
sulphates, nitrates and chlorides, possess a high degree 
of astringency, hence they produce constipation when 
taken internally. When brought into contact with 
blood they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish 
magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues 
are also solidified they are powerful haemostatics. Iron 
is eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the 
liver into the bile, thence into the intestines, some by the 
kidneys also. The tincture of the chloride being espe- 
cially diuretic. 

Iron is a haematinic, stomachic, styptic, astringent 
or haemostatic. The tincture chloride in addition is diu- 
retic. The sulphate is in addition vermicide. The iodide 
is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. A medicine 
used in combination with iron may modify or enhance 
its action. Externally iron salts contract tissue by co- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 95 

agulating albumen when applied to raw surfaces or mu- 
cous membranes, and through this means by compress- 
ing the blood vessels from without and plugging them 
from within with clotted blood, arrest hemorrhage. The 
astringent salts may also induce some contraction of the 
vessels besides. Iron in the form of liquor ferri chloridi 
or liquor ferri subsulphatis is the most powerful of the 
metallic hemostatic agents we possess. 

Uses Internally. — The saccharated carbonate is 
staple, non-irritating to the stomach, and especially 
suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the sulphate. 
It is also used for the other animals when the stomach 
is weak. 

Sulphate of iron is used locally as an astringent and 
internally as a haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It im- 
proves the appetite and abates exhausting discharges, 
as in nasal gleet and leucorrhoea. In atonic torpidity 
of bowels it is prescribed with aloes; also in the same 
way for intestinal worms. Conjoined with iodine it is 
the best prescription for diabetes insipidus. It is also 
prescribed with good results in the first stages of liver 
rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with anaemia 
are benefited by iron. Combined iron and arsenic for 
chorea. Septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood 
poisoning, as purpura, haemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., 
with quinine. The tincture chloride is prescribed in 
blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels 
are freely opened. In convalescence from debilitating 
diseases it is a valuable tonic combined with other med- 
icines as nux vomica, quinine, etc. Such diseases as in- 
fluenza, chest diseases and chronic catarrh should be fol- 
lowed with iron and other tonics. 

Iodide of iron is used when an alterative as well as a 
tonic action is desired. It is given to promote the ab- 
sorption of glandular enlargements in young and weakly 
animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful in 
polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet. 

Tincture chloride of iron acts as a haematinic, tonic, 
antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant 



96 VETERINAHY MEDICINES 

or caustic. It is serviceable in most cases in which the 
sulphate is recommended. It is used in atonic dyspepsia 
and for the removal of intestinal worms, in relaxed and 
sore throat. 

Tincture Chloride of iron is also used in anaemia 
combined with arsenic or quinine, and in blood poison- 
ing combined with quinine. It also promotes absorp- 
tion of inflammatory material when associated with de- 
bility and anaemia. It is the most serviceable prepara- 
tion of iron for influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it 
has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In 
these cases it is prescribed with turpentine, quinine and 
oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alter- 
nated with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also 
used as an astringent and stimulant for the genito- 
urinary mucous membrane. The tincture being ex- 
creted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solution. 
It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic 
lameness in weakly dogs. 

Uses. — Externally: Liquor ferri chloridi and liq- 
uor ferri subsulphatis are sometimes used to stop bleed- 
ing from wounds or natural cavities of the body. They 
may be injected, aj^plied by swab, or on absorbent ma- 
terial, which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a 
local application in phalangitis, we use one part of the 
solution of ferric chloride with four parts of glycerine. 
In the same strength, diluted with water, the chloride 
may be injected into the uterus to stop hemorrhage. 
Again, a solution in the strength of two drachms to 
the pint of water, is employed as an enema to destroy 
ascarides. The objection to these solutions of iron is 
that they form heavy, nasty, tenacious clots when em- 
ployed to arrest hemorrhage, and the clots are apt to 
decompose and favor sepsis. Therefore they should not 
be used if other means, as ligature, pressure, heat or 
cold can be utilized. Iron is regarded as a s])ecific for 
erysipelas. It is given both internally and externally. 

Administration of Iron. — The fluid preparations 
should be freely diluted; the solid preparations should 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 97 

be combined with protectives or inert remedies, either in 
powder or capsule foiTn, or with stomachics as gentian 
root. Iron causes less gastric irritation and enters the 
blood more readily if given with or immediately after 
meals. In anaemia it should be given in increased doses. 
Overcome constipation by giving when necessary or 
combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. 

GAMBIR— CATECHU 

An extract prepared from the leaves and twigs of 
Ourouparia Gambir (Hunter), Ballon (Fam. Rubia- 
ceae) . U. S. "An extract of the leaves and young 
shoots of the Uncaria Gembier, Roxb." 

Habitat. — Africa and Southern Asia. 

Description. — Irregular masses or cubes; reddish- 
brown, pale brownish-gray or light brown ; fracture dull- 
earthy ; friable, crystalline ; inodorous, bitterish, very as- 
tringent, with a sweetish after-taste; free from starch. 
Not less than 70 per cent should be soluble in alcohol. 

Constituents. — Catechutannic acid (about 45 per 
cent) is the active principle; it is converted into the 
isomeric inactive catchnic acid, or catchin, by the saliva 
and by boiling, a red color being developed. There is 
also pyrocatechin or catechol. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, metallic salts and gela- 
tine. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 
TINCTURA GAMBIR COMPOSITA— COM- 
POUND TINCTURE OF GAMBIR 
Composed of gambir, 50; cinnamon, 25; alcohol to 
make 1000. 

Dose. — Horses, l/^ to 2 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 3 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, % to 1 oz. ; calves and foals, l/o to 1 oz. ; lambs, 
10 to 30 m.; dogs, 1/^ to 1 dr. The above doses can be 
considerably increased and are good in cases of diarr- 
hoea of small and young animals. 

Action and Uses. — ^Gambir is administered to all 



98 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

classes of domestic animals for the arrest of chronic 
catarral discharges and haemorrhage, especially from 
the alimentary canal. The insoluble catechnic acid 
beneficially exerts its astringency on the relaxed, over- 
secreting surfaces alike of small and large intestines. 
In chronic diarrhoea and in dysentery it is combined 
with aromatics to allay flatulence; with opium to relieve 
irritability and spasm; with alkalies, magnesia, or chalk 
to counteract acidity. 

If there is much mucus in the fecal discharges, show- 
ing a catarrhal state of the intestinal mucous membrane, 
it is advisable to give oil, salts or calomel before check- 
ing up the bowels with an astringent. 

GENTIANA— GENTIAN 

Gentian is obtained from the root Gentiana lutae. 

Habitat. — Mountainous parts of Southern and 
Central Europe. 

Properties. — ^Odor strong, characteristic; taste 
slightly sweetish, strongly and persistently bitter. The 
pow^der is free from starch grains and sclerenchymatic 
tissues. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 
EXTRACTUM GENTIANAE— EXTRACT OF 
GENTIAN 
Made by maceration and percolation with water and 
evaporated. 

Dose. — Horses, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; 
sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 3 gr. 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM OF GENTIANAE— 
FLUIDEXTRACT OF GENTIAN 

Made by maceration and percolation with dilute al- 
cohol and evaporated, so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the 
crude drug. 

Dose. — Horses, 1/4 to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 m. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 99 

TINCTURA GENTIANAE COMPOSITA— 
COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GENTIAN 

Composed of gentian, 100 parts; bitter orange peel, 
40 parts; eardamon, 10 parts; made by maceration and 
percolation with alcohol and water. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 dr. to 1 oz. ; dogs, % to 1 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Gentian is a pure bitter, and is 
prescribed as a stomachic and tonic for all classes of ani- 
mals. Gentian improves the appetite and general tone. 
In atonic indigestion it is particularly useful amongst 
young animals, and in such cases is often conjoined with 
ginger and sodium bicarbonate. In relaxed and irri- 
table states of the bowels and where intestinal worms 
are suspected, after administeration of a laxative, gen- 
tian and dilute hydrochloric acid are of service. For 
horses suffering from simple catarrh few combinations 
are more effectual than an ounce of powdered gentian, 
two drachms potassium nitrate with two ounces of mag- 
nesium sulphate, dissolved in a pint of linseed tea, re- 
peated morning and night. Where more general tonic 
effects are sought, iron sulphate is alternated with the 
gentian and salines. Gentian proves an excellent stom- 
achic and stimulating tonic in influenza and other epi- 
zootics, helps convalescence from exhausting disorders 
and is a useful restorative for horses, overworked or 
suffering from loss of appetite or slight cold. The pow- 
dered gentian should be added to aloes when given in 
full cathartic doses to horses. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM— 
CORROSIVE MERCURIC CHLORIDE— BI- 
CHLORIDE OF MERCURY— CORRO- 
SIVE SUBLIMATE 

Origin. — Bichloride of mercury is obtained as a sul- 
phate by heating a mixture of mercuric sulphate, so- 
dium chloride and a little black oxide of manganese. 

Properties. — Heavy, colorless masses; soluble one 



100 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

in sixteen of water, one in three of alcohol ; hydrochloric 
acid or muriate of ammonia increases its solubility. 

Actions. — It is a corrosive, irritant poison; it is 
occasionally prescribed as an alterative, antiseptic and 
hepatic stimulant ; repeated doses or long continued pro- 
duce mercurialism. Externally, it is used as an anti- 
septic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. It is a most 
powerful antiseptic when five parts of tartaric acid are 
added to one part of bichloride of mercury, which pre- 
vents the formation of insoluble albumenates of mer- 
cury in the tissues which checks any further action of 
the drug. Hydrochloric acid equal parts serves the 
same purpose. 

Uses. — For internal use milder preparations of mer- 
cury are preferred, and it is dangerous to use it for the 
production of mercurialism. For horses it has been pre- 
scribed in tetanus, chronic skin eruptions and swollen 
oedematous legs following repeated attacks of lymphan- 
gitis. Its chief use is that of an antiseptic externally for 
many surgical purposes, usually in the strength of one 
to five hundred, one to one thousand; for uterine injec- 
tions, one to five thousand or one in ten thousand. Seven 
and a half grains to a pint of water makes a one to one 
thousand solution. Seven and a half grains to a quart 
of water makes a one to two thousand solution. Fifteen 
grains to a pint of water makes a one to five hundred 
solution. Instruments, sponges, towels as well as the 
hands are disinfected by washing in a one thousandth 
solution. But it is injurious to most metal instruments 
and irritates and roughens the operator's hands. Best 
antiseptic for foul wounds, thrush, poll-evil, quittor and 
fistulous withers and nail punctures of the feet, a one in 
five hundred to one in one thousand solution to destroy 
the cryptogamic growths of ringworm, to kill lice and 
allay the itching of puritis and urticaria. Bichloride of 
mercury one part in one or two thousand parts of water 
is injected into the uterus in metritis, and in cases of 
abortion with good results. Contageous abortion is sat- 
isfactorily prevented by washing the aborted animal's 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 101 

tail and external genital organs twice daily. All preg- 
nant cows should be treated in the same manner. Warm 
solutions are much more active than cold. 

A one in three to five thousand solutions are used in 
purulent conjunctivitis or wounds of the eye and lids, by 
frequently saturating absorbent cotton in the solution 
and holding over the eye by means of a clean cloth or 
bandage. 

Doses. — Horse, 1 to 5 gr.; cattle, 2 to 8 gr. ; sheep, 
1/4 to 1 gr.; pigs, % to 1/4 gr. ; dogs, 1/60 to 1/10 gr. 
Not often given internally. It is the best of all the 
preparations of mercury for hypodermic use in syphilitic 
diseases. 

Antidotes. — The white of eggs, stomach pump for 
horses and emisis for dogs; wheat flower, milk, etc. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE — MILD 
MERCUROUS CHLORIDE— CALOMEL 

Origin. — Calomel is obtained by heating a mixture 
of mercurous sulphate and sodium chlorid. Calomel is 
found native in Spain and Carniola, but in too small 
quantities for commercial value. 

Properties. — Calomel is a dull-white heavy powder. 
It is inodorous, insoluble in water, alcohol or ether. 

Actions. — ^^Calomel is a cathartic, laxative, altera- 
tive, diuretic and vermifuge. Small doses are laxatives 
when repeated, large doses are cathartics, full doses 
irritate the stomach and produce emesis in man and dog. 
By stimulating the urea functions of the liver diuresis 
are produced, its action on the liver does not directly 
increase the secretion of bile, but removes it from the 
duodenum which reflexly increases its secretion. Re- 
peated doses produce mercurial poisoning. It is an 
alterative when combined with opium, laxative in small 
repeated doses and cathartic in larger doses. 

Uses. — Calomel is useful in gastric and intestinal 
catarrh, bilious diarrhoea, influenza lymphangitis and 
liver disorders w^hich show themselves by a yellowness 
of the visible mucous membranes. It is a useful ad- 
juvant cathartic conjoined with aloes or other cathartics. 



102 YETERINARY MEDICINES 

As a laxative or cathartic for horses give aloes and 
calomel; cattle and sheep, magnesium and sodium sul- 
phate; for pigs, dogs and cats with jalap. Pure calomel 
is a specific for thrush. It is also useful in the treatment 
of moist skin and raw sores, mixed m equal parts with 
bismuth subnitrate it quickly dries the flesh and pre- 
vents itching. 

Doses. — As a laxative vermifuge and alterative 
horses and cattle take 20 to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 
to 20 grs.; dogs and cats, 1/16 to 1 gr., given two or 
three times a day with equal weight of opium which 
prevents griping and a too rapid removal by the bowels. 
As a cathartic, calomel is best conjoined with other med- 
icines regulated by that of the medicine with which it is 
conjoined. A full cathartic for horses should consist 
of calomel 1 to l^/o drs. with aloes 4 to 6 drs.; cattle, 
II/2 to 2 drs. with magnesium sulphate or sodium sul- 
phate 1 to ll/) pounds; sheep, 5 to 30 grs. with magnes- 
ium sulphate 4 to 8 ounces ; pigs, 5 to 30 grs. with sodium 
bicarbonate I/2 to 1 ounce; dogs and cats l/g to 10 grs. 
with jalap 10 to 30 grains. 

HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM RUBRUM — RED 

IODIDE OF MERCURY— BINIODIDE 

OF MERCURY 

Origin.— Red iodide of mercuiy is obtained by dis- 
solving in water separately bichloride of mercury and 
potassium iodide, and pour both solutions slowly and 
stirring actively. 

Properties. — A scarlet-red, amarphous powder; 
odorless and tastless; permanent in air, insoluble in 
water; soluble in one hundred and twenty-five parts of 
alcohol. 

Actions. — Red iodide of mercuiy is a stimulant 
irritant, resolvent pustulant antiseptic and parasiticide. 

Uses. — Mixed with one to eight parts of lard it is 
a blister used to reduce bony enlargements or bone- 
tumors as in splints, bone spavin, ringbone, sidebone 
and actinontycosis ; it is also used with good results in 
reducing soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 103 

and promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, as 
seen in sprained tendons, curbs, enlarged joints, bursae, 
etc. It is frequently used as a counter-irritant in sore 
throat, chronic cough and roaring. Mixed with can- 
tharides the strength can be reduced as an irritant and 
less apt to permanently destroy the hair bulbs. It is 
used internally to arrest the growths of actinomycoses 
and scirrhous cord, but in those cases the benefits are 
derived from the potassium iodide which it contains, and 
I would recommend administering internally without 
the mercury. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM— YELLOW 
MERCURIC OXIDE 

Origin. — Yellow mercuric oxide is obtained by 
the interaction of mercuric choride and sodium hy- 
droxide. 

Properties. — Mercuric oxide is of a yellow color, 
similar to that of the yolk of e^g, and is a completely 
amorphous powder; odorless, and having a somewhat 
metallic taste; permanent in the air, but turning dark 
on exposure to light ; insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Actions. — A stimulant caustic and anesthetic. 

Uses. — The official ointment of yellow mercuric 
oxide is prescribed as a stimulant and anesthetic in 
chronic inflammation and ulceration of the eye ( 4 gr. of 
yellow mercuric oxide to 1 oz. of vaseline). It is also 
employed on skin diseases, indolent ulcers, swollen 
glands and granulated wounds. 

HYDRASTIC— GOLDEN ZEAL 

The rhizome and roots of hydrastic canadensis Linne, 
yielding not less than 2.5 per cent of hydrastine. 

Habitat. — North America in woods west to 
Missouri and Arkansas. 

Properties. — Externally brownish-gray to yellow- 
brown; fracture short, wood wedges bright j^ellow, pith 
large, light yellow, the roots thin, brittle, with a thick 
yellow bark and a somewhat quadrangular wood; odor 
distinct; taste bitter. 



104 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Constituents. — Berberine, an alkaloid occurring in 
yellow crystals, hydrastine a colorless; crystalline al- 
kaloid, soluble in alcohol and ether; canadine occurring 
in white, acicular crystals. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr. 

TREPARATIONS 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS— FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF HYDRASTIS 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, 
glycerin and water and evaporation. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 drs. to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs. ; dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr. 

TINCTURA HYDRASTIS— TINCTURE OF 
HYDRASTIS 

Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastic, 
with diluted alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 4 drs.; dogs, % to 2 dr s. 

GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS— GLYCERITE OF 
HYDRASTIS 

Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, 
1000 parts add water to the percolate and evaporate. 
Add water to the residue, set aside 24 hours and filter; 
add enough water to the filtrate to make 500 parts; 
then add glycerin 500. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 drs. to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 drs. ; dogs, 5 m. to 1 dr. 

HYDRASTINNAE HYDROCHLORIDUM— 

HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE 
The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived 
from hydrastine. 

Properties. — Light, j^ellow, amorphous granules, 
or a pale yellow erystalline powder; odorless and having 
a bitter, saline taste; deliquescent on exposure to damp 
air. Very soluble in cold and hot water and in alcohol. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 105 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 grs.; sheep and 
pigs, Yo to II/2 grs.; dogs, 1/12 to 1/4 gi'- 

Action and Uses. — It acts like the simple bitters, 
promotes apj^etite and aids digestion, increases nutrition 
and stimulates secretion, especially of the intestines and 
liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic 
and hepatic stimulant. It is also said to promote uterine 
constructions, and has some power as an antispasmodic. 
Externally it is an antiseptic and astringent. Useful in 
conjunctivitis, nasal gleet and leucorrhoea; one to two 
draclmis of the fluid extract or glycerite to the ounce 
of distilled water. One to two drachms of the fluidex- 
tract of hydrastis to one ounce of water is useful as a 
gargle for sore throat. Equal parts of fluidextract ot 
ergot and fluidextract of hydrastis is useful in ulceration 
of the uterus, vagina and in eversion of the rectum. Use- 
ful internally during convalescence after debilitating dis- 
eases, as in influenza and distemper, or whenever a bitter 
tonic is indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric 
catarrh, catarrhal jaundice, constipation from chronic 
nephritis and chronic cystitis. The glycerite a])plied 
locally for fissure of teats, cracked heels. Where 
there is a tendency to constipation it should be used as a 
bitter in preference to gentian, etc. 

lODUM— IODINE 

Derivation. — Iodine exists in certain marine vege- 
tables, particularly the f uci or common sea weeds, which 
have long been its most abundant natural source. Io- 
dine is also found in the animal kingdom, as in the 
sponge, oysters, cod liver oil and eggs, and in the min- 
eral kingdom, in sea water in small quantities, in cer- 
tain salt springs. It is obtained commercially from one 
of these sources. 

Properties. — Iodine is heavy, bluish-black color, dry 
and friable, rhombic plates, having a metallic 
luster, a distinctive odor, and a sharp and acrid taste. 
Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to the 
skin, and slowly destroys vegetable colors. Soluble in 
about 5000 parts of water and in 10 parts of alcohol 



106 



VETERINARY MEDICINES 



at 77° F., freely soluble in ether, chloroform or carbon 
disulphide; its solution in alcohol or in an aqueous solu- 
tion of potassium iodide has a reddish color; its solution 
in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color. 

Actions. — Iodine internally is an antiseptic, alter- 
ative, resolvent and irritant. Full doses persisted will 
produce a state of debility and emaciation termed iodism. 
Externally it is applied as an antiseptic, disinfectant, 
parasitide, deodorant, stimulant, disquamatic, absorbent 
and counter-irritant. Iodine is one of the best anti- 
septics for surgical purposes. The tincture iodine es- 
pecially kills all disease producing bacteria in one min- 
ute, whereas it takes a one in one thousandth solution of 
bichloride of merciu*y more than half an hour to de- 
stroy the same micro-organisms. The tincture of iodine 
also possesses unusual penetrating power on the dry 
skin, finding its way into the hair follicles and cutaneous 
glands. Iodine must not be applied to the wetted skin 
because the wetting causes the skin cells to swell and 
thus prevent the iodine from penetrating into the seba- 
ceous and sudoriparous glands, the very action upon 
which the special germicidal action depends. 

Uses. — Iodine is of most value applied externally, or 
locally. In sterilizing the skin for an emergency opera- 
tion the hair should be cii])ped and shaved dry and the 
tincture of iodine applied without washing the skin. 
For other operations the skin may be scrubbed with 
soap and shaved and dried before applying the tincture. 
The tincture should always dry on the skin before the 
operation is begim. 

The method used in human surgery for sterilizing 
the skin, and reconmiended by leading surgeons, con- 
sists in first of cleansing the skin w ith gasoline to remove 
the grease and then applying the tincture of iodine in 
full or half strength. 

Tincture of iodine applied is of some value in the 
treatment of periostitis with osseous deposits, as splints, 
bone-spavin, ringbone, sidebones, etc. It is used for en- 
largements of glands as goiter in dog. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 107 

LINUM— LINSEED— FLAXSEED 

Ground linseed (linseed meal or flaxseed meal) 
should be recently prepared and free from unpleasant 
or rancid odor. It is a grayish-yellow powder eontain- 
ing brownish fragments. 

Action and Uses. — It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, 
emollient and demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake 
are valuable foodstuffs in small quantities. It is two 
and one-half times as fattening as starch or sugar. It 
causes the hair of an animal to become slick and glossy 
and induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating 
in summer. Linseed gruel is a food, being palatable 
and easily digested, for horses, cattle and sheep, not only 
good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also in chronic 
skin diseases. It acts in such cases both as food and 
medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or 
drink cold linseed tea (linseed meal two ounces to one 
pint of water) when they will not touch anything else. 
When a patient is exhausted the linseed tea is given with 
milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are poor feeders, 
having harsh scurv}^ skins, or being affected w4th roar- 
ing, thick wind or heaves, are usually much benefited 
with linseed in some form. A mucilaginous demulcent 
in the proportion of about one to two ounces to a pint of 
warm water, is useful in irritable conditions of the 
throat, alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder. 

For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed 
meal, pour hot water over it until it becomes pasty. 
Charcoal and antiseptics are often mixed with it. When 
used as a poultice on the foot in nail pricks, always put 
on a poultice that will cover the whole foot. 

OLEUM LINI— LINSEED OIL— OIL OF 
FLAXSEED 

A fixed oil expressed from flaxseed without the use 
of heat. 

Properties.— A yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, hav- 
ing a slight, peculiar odor and bland taste. Soluble in 



108 ^"ETERIXARY MEDICINES 

about ten parts of absolute alcohol and in all proportions 
in ether, chloroform, benzine or oil of turpentine. 

Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; 
sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 ozs.; dogs, lA to 3 ozs.; cats, % 
to 1 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Linseed oil cannot be used as a 
diet on account of its being too laxative ; it is laxative in 
small doses, but in large doses produces copious dis- 
charges of faeces, having a distinct linseed oil smell. 
The oil is also emollient, soothing and softening to in- 
flamed and indurated surfaces. As a laxative it usual- 
ly produces tolerably full and softened evacuations, 
without nausea, griping or superpurgation and with de- 
cided odor of oil. It is the best physic to administer to 
pregnant animals and in irritable conditions of the 
bowels ; also in cases of influenza, purpura and other de- 
bilitating diseases, where the usual purgatives would be 
too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also used as 
an enema; two to four ounces of the oil or meal given 
daily in mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in 
a relaxed condition throughout febrile attacks, where 
there is a tendency to constipation. An ounce or two 
of oil given daih" often relieves broken wind in horses. 
For burns and scalds the well known carron oil, com- 
posed of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water, can- 
not be surpassed. This oil is also used as a vehicle for 
acrid medicines and to act as a protective to the alimen- 
tary tract in poisoning of corrosive medicines, also to 
sweep them out. Carron oil in two to four ounce doses 
two to three times daily will often relieve "heaves" in 
horses. 

Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, al- 
though Epsom salts is generally the best purge for them. 
It is indicated for these animals when a milder operation 
than that obtained by a full dose of salts is required, and 
for its demulcent action in irritable states of the digestive 
organs. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 109 

MAGNESII SULPHAS— MAGNESIUM SUL- 
PHATE—EPSOM SALTS 

Derivation. — Magnesium sulphate is a constituent 
of sea water and of some saline springs. It also occurs 
native, either crystallized in slender, prismatic, adhering 
crystals, or as an efflorescence on certain rocks and soils 
which contain magnesia and a sulphate or sulphide. In 
the United States it is found in the great caves so numer- 
ous to the west of the Alleghany Mountains. 

Properties. — Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or 
acicular crystals, without color and having a cooling, 
saline and bitter taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air; 
.85 part of water; insoluble in alcohol. 

Actions. — Magnesium sulphate is a hydragogue 
and cholagogue cathartic; alterative and febrifuge and 
is also feebly diuretic and diaphoretic. As a cathartic 
it resembles common and glauber salts, and is more ac- 
tive than potassium bitartrate or sodium phosphate. 
When magnesium sulphate is administered it causes 
outpouring of secretion from the walls of the 
small intestines, most quickly and abundantly when 
the bowels have been partially emptied by several hours' 
fasting. Neither pancreatic fluid nor bile is materially 
increased. But magnesium sulphate has a low diffusing 
power. It is slowly absorbed, and moreover, retards 
diffusion and absorption of fluid present in the bowels. 
In this twofold action by increased secretion and re- 
tarded absorption the fluid contents of the bowels are in- 
creased, producing more or less mechanical distension 
and provoking, like other salines, slight peristalsis. The 
retarded removal of accumulating liquid is apt to pro- 
duce the formation of gases in the bowels, which is re- 
lieved by conjoining carminatives, as ginger or capsicum, 
while effectual removal of the intestinal fluids is attained 
by using with magnesium sulphate aloes, calomel or oil. 
It acts in from twelve to sixteen hours; in small doses 
it stimulates the secretions of the kidneys and skin. In 
febrile diseases it is used in small repeated doses. It is 
valuable in treating animals suffering from reflex skin 



110 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

irritation, combined with large doses of bicarbonate of 
sodium, generally gives relief, especially in urtecaria of 
the horse. It is quite commonly used as a cathartic for 
horses, but most often for cattle and sheep. 

Doses. — When repeated two or three times as a lax- 
ative and alterative horses take 2 to 4 ounces, cattle 3 to 
6 ounces, sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drachms. As a cathartic 
cattle take 1 to 2 pounds, calves two to three months 
old 3 to 4 ounces, sheep 4 to 6 ounces, dogs 1 to 4 
drachms. Aloes is a much better cathartic for horses, 
and castor or linseed oil acts much better as a cathartic 
in pigs. 

NAPHTHALENUM— NAPHTHALENE 

A by-product of gas manufacture. 

Properties. — Colorless, shining rhombic crystals of 
an aromatic acrid taste, insoluble in water but soluble in 
alcohol, ether and oils. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 3 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep 
and pigs, 5 to 15 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. These doses can 
be doubled in severe cases of intestinal flatulence. 

Actions and Uses. — A true intestinal antiseptic and 
antiferment, is also expectorant, antiseptic and parasi- 
ticide. Used in intestinal flatulence, dissolved in tinct- 
ure capsicum; in diarrhoea and dysentery, is of great 
value in these ailments, quickly allays foul odor of the 
evacuations of the bowels; large doses irritate the kid- 
neys and cause bloody urine which ceases upon with- 
holding the drug. When powdered on a wound as wire 
cuts, etc., will keep away flies and other insects, be- 
sides it is a powerful antiseptic and promotes the heal- 
ing of wounds. Used as an ointment it is very effective 
in parasitic skin diseases. 

NUX VOMICA— QUAKER BUTTON 

The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, yield- 
ing when assayed by the process given below, not less 
than 1.25 per cent of strychnine. 

Habitat. — The tree is a native of the East Indies, 
growing in Bengal, Malabar, on the Commandel Coast, 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 111 

in Ceylon, in many islands of the Indian Archipelago, 
in Cochin-China and in other neighboring countries. 

Description. — ^Orbicular, nearly flat, sometimes ir- 
regularly bent, about three-quarters of an inch in diam- 
eter and two in thickness; externally grayish or green- 
ish-gray, the surface covered with short closely op- 
pressed, satiny hairs ; rounded or somewhat acute at the 
margin, with a slight ridge extending from the center 
of one side to the edge; internally whitish-gray, horny, 
very tough, the endosperm in two more or less regular 
concavo-convex halves, between which, at one end, lie the 
heart-shaped, palmately nerved cotyledons; inodorous; 
taste intensely and persistently bitter. 

Constituents. — Two alkaloids. 1. Strychnine, 
0.2 — 0.6 per cent. 2. Brucine, 0.5 — ^1.0 per cent. 
Similar in action to strychnine, but weaker and slower. 
Both alkaloids exist in combination with igasuric acid. 
Brucine occurs in rectangular octohedral ciystals; it is 
soluble in alcohol, in 7 parts of chloroform, and pos- 
sesses a bitter taste. With sulphuric and nitric acids 
a beautiful blood-red color is developed. There are 
also : 4. Igasuric acid with which strychnine and brucine 
are combined. 5. Loganin, an inert glucoside occurr- 
ing in colorless prisms. 

Dose. — Of the ground seeds, horses and cattle, 1 to 
2 dr.; sheep, 20 to 40 gr.; pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 1 to 
2 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE— EXTRACT 

OF NUX VOMICA 

Made by maceration with alcohol, water and acetic 
acid; percolation with alcohol and water and evapora- 
tion. Standardized to contain 5 per cent of strychnine. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 5 to 15 gr. ; sheep, 2 to 
5 gr.; pigs, 1 to 2 gr.; dogs, !/§ to % gr. 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE— 

FLUIDEXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA 
Made by digestion and percolation with alcohol and 
water and acetic acid. The alcohol is distilled off and 



112 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

the solution evaporated. Alcohol and water are added 
so that the fluid extract shall contain one per cent of 
strychnine. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to 
30 m. ; pigs, 10 to 20 m. ; dogs, 1 to 2 m. 

TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICAE— TINCTURE OF 
NUX VOMICA 

Made by solution of the extract of nux vomica, 20 
in alcohol, and water to make 1000. Standardized to 
contain 0.1 per cent strychnine. 

STRYCHNINA— STRYCHNINE 

An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also 
obtainable from other plants of the natural order Logan- 
iaceae. 

Derivation. — Nux vomica seeds are powdered and 
strychnine is extracted with water acidulated with hy- 
drochloric acid. The solution is concentrated and 
strychnine ])recipitated with lime. It is then redissolved 
in boiling alcohol and the ciystals are deposited upon 
concentration of the solution. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, prismatic crys- 
tals, or a white crystalline powder; odorless, having an 
intensely bitter taste, preceptible even in solutions of 
1 in 700,000. Strychnine should be tasted with extreme 
eaution. Permanent in the air, soluble in water, alco- 
hol, ether, chloroform, ])enzine and anyl alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as strychnine sulphate. 

STRYCHNINAE SULPHAS— STRYCHNINE 
SULPHATE 

^lade by the action of sulphuric acid on strychnine. 

Properties. — Colorless or white, prismatic crystals, 
odorless and having an intensely bitter taste. Efflores- 
cent in dry air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Almost 
soluble in ether. 

Dose. — Horses, i/o to ll/4 gr. ; cattle, 1 to 3 gr.; 
sheep, 1/4 to l/o gr.; dogs, 1/120 to 1/40 gr. The small 
doses are to be used when strychnine is given subcutan- 
eouslv. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 113 

Actions. — Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimulates 
respiration, secretion, appetite and digestion ; it increases 
peristalsis, stimulates both the motor and inliibitory ap- 
paratus of the heart, and raises arterial tension by stimu- 
lating the vaso-motor centers, thus contracting the arter- 
ioles, though full doses relax the arterioles and thus 
lower blood pressure. 

Strychnine exalts all functions of the spinal cord, 
reflex, motor, vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being 
the least affected ; it does not affect the brain directly. 

Toxicology. — Large doses cause trembling and 
twitching of the voluntarj'^ and involuntary muscles with 
violent clonic spasms, lasting one or two minutes, grad- 
ually getting more frequent and severe in form involving 
the glottis, diaphragm and other muscles of respira- 
tion; causes death usually from asphyxia. Very large 
doses may paralyze the cord as from a blow, and cause 
almost instant death. 

Uses. — Nux vomica or strychnine is indicated in any 
condition in which there is a paralysis or depressed state 
of the nerves or nei'vous system; atonic dyspepsia, 
broken wind, relaxed condition of the bowels due to lack 
of tone, in small doses. 

In weak condition of the heart give with small doses 
of digitalis; it stimulates sexual organs. Give it in 
convalescence from debilitating diseases, also as an aid 
to recovery during their progress; in collapse and for 
narcotic poisoning strychnine hypodermically in para- 
lysis, whether of limbs, intestines or bladder. 

In diarrhoea, due to lack of tone of muscular coat 
of the bowels combined with astringents; for anaemia, 
stiychnine combined with iron and quinine; nervous 
coughs use strychnine with sedatives; also in incon- 
tinuence of urine and chorea, in dogs after distemper. 

Antidote for Strychnine Poisoning. — Tannic 
acid or vegetables containing it should be freely admin- 
istered, for the tannate of strychnine which is formed is 
very insoluble; an emetic or the stomach pump must be 
used promptly. The tetanic spasms are best controlled 



114 VETERINAUY MEDICINES 

by chloral hydrate or very large doses of potassium 
bromide (2 dr. to Y2 o^- foi' man) or -l to 8 ounces for 
the horse as antidote for strychnine poisoning. Inhala- 
tions of ether are also recommended. Chloral hydrate 
may be used per rectum or intravenously. Inhalations 
of amyl nitrate are also of value. The administration 
of melted lard seems to exert peculiar antidotal proper- 
ties to strychnine poisoning. As an emetic for dogs 
apomorphinae hydrochloras 1/20 to 1/5 grain, given 
hypodermically, is the best and may have to be pushed 
as emetics act tardily in poisoning by this drug. 

OLEUM MORRHUAE— COD LIVER OIL 

A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of cod fish. 

Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 

Properties. — A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, hav- 
ing a peculiar slightly fishy but not rancid odor, and a 
bland, slightly fishy taste. Cod liver oil is often adul- 
terated with the oil of other fish. Brown oils are not 
desirable therapeutically. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep, 1 oz. ; 
pigs, l/> to 1 oz. ; dogs, 1 to 4 dr. ; cats, l/> to 1 dr. 

Action and LTses. — Nutrient, tonic and alterative; 
on account of its biliary constituents is easily emulsified 
and digested. It is indicated in all cases of malnutrit- 
ions and where the digestive organs are weak; also in 
animals recovering from debilitating diseases, such as 
distemper and influenza. It is good in catarrh and 
bronchitis, as it appears to furnish suitable material 
for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes. Like 
other oils it relieves broken wind and is given to man 
in consum])tion. It is particularly used for the smaller 
animals. It is given to dogs and cats during distemper, 
also in eczema, epilepsy, chorea, rickets and chronic rheu- 
matism. 

OLEUM OLIVAE— OLIVE OIL— SWEET OIL 
A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea 
europoea Linne. It should be kept in well stoppered 
bottles in a cool place. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 115 

Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia. 

Properties. — A pale yellow, or light greenish-yel- 
low, oily liquid, having a slightly peculiar odor and a 
nutty oleaginous taste, with a faintly arcid after-taste. 
Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble 
in ether and chloroform. 

Dose. — As a laxative — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 pt. ; 
dogs, 2 to 4 oz. 

OLEUM GOSSYPII SEM I NIS— COTTON SEED 

OIL 

A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gossypium 
herbaceum Linne and of other sj^ecies of Gossypium and 
subsequently purified. 

Habitat. — Southern United States and other semi- 
tropical countries; cultivated. 

Properties. — A pale yellow, oily liquid, without 
odor and having a bland nut-like taste. Very sparingly 
soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, chloro- 
form or carbon disulphide. 

Dose. — Same as olive oil. 

Action and Uses. — Both olive and cotton seed oil 
are laxative tonics, demulcents and emollients. Sweet 
oil, not used internally to any extent, but is used extern- 
ally for soothing and healing irritated wounds. It may 
be used in its pure state or be mixed with carbolic acid, 
20 m. of the carbolic acid to 4 oz. of sweet oil. 

OLEUM RICINI— CASTOR OIL 

Derivation. — Castor oil is expressed from the seeds 
of a plant (Ricinus communis) which grows in the East 
Indies and Africa in the character of a tree and rises 
sometimes thirty or forty feet. It also grows in the 
temperate latitudes of North America and Europe. 

Properties. — Pure castor oil is a thick, viscid, color- 
less liquid, with little or no odor and a mild though some- 
what nauseous taste. 

Action and Uses. — Good castor oil is a mild and 
speedy cathartic, usually operating within four to five 
hours with, little griping or uneasiness, and evacuating 



116 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

the contents of the bowels without much increasing the 
alvein secretions. Hence it is particularly applicable 
to constipation from collections of abnormally hard 
faeces, and to cases in which irritating substances have 
been swallowed or irritating substances have accumu- 
lated in the bowels. From its mildness it is also es- 
pecially adapted to diseases of the bowels, as colic, in- 
digestion, diarrhoea, dysentery and enteritis. It is also 
indicated in overloaded bowels in pregnancy combined 
with anodynes and antispasmodics to prevent griping. 
Castor oil in two or three ounce doses conjoined with 
gruel and five or six drops of oil of peppermint is suit- 
able for foals and calves affected with gastro-intestinal 
disorders. Castor oil is s])ecially applicable in canine 
practice, to evacuate the bowels, and in irritated condi- 
tions of the digestive tract, in ounce doses mixed with 
equal parts of glycerine and adding two or three drops 
of oil of wintergreen. 

Castor oil may be given to horses in sixteen ounce 
doses conjoined with oil of peppermint, twenty drops, 
or tincture opium, one ounce and fluidextract of bella- 
donna, one to two drachms, flour gi-uel, etc. 

Castor oil in one to two drachm doses is especially 
valuable for poultry. 

Castor oil is used with equal success in the treatment 
of gastro-intestional disorders of cattle, sheep and pigs. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 12 to 16 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 6 oz. ; dogs and cats, lA to 2 oz. ; poultry, 1/2 
to 2 dr. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE— OIL OF TUR- 
PENTINE 

Erroneously Called Spirits of Turpentine 
Dekivation. — A concrete oleo-resin from Pinus 
paulstris INIiller, and from other species of Pinus. The 
oil is distilled, usually by the use of steam, from the oleo- 
resin. 

Habitat. — Southern United States, from Virginia 
to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Properties. — A thm, colorless liquid, having a char- 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 117 

acteristic odor and taste. Soluble in three times its 
volume of alcohol; also soluble in an equal volume of 
glacial acetic acid. 

Dose. — Carminative — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; 
sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Best given 
in 8 to 10 times its bulk of cotton seed oil, linseed oil or 
milk. Anthelmintic — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; 
sheep and pigs, I/2 to 1 oz. ; dogs, i/o to 4 dr. Diuretic 
— Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr. 

PREPARATIONS 
LINIMENTUM TERBINTHINAE — TURPEN- 
TINE LINIMENT 
Composed of resin cerate, 650 parts; oil of turpen- 
tine, 350 parts ; melt the resin cerate and add the oil of 
turpentine. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM— 
RECTIFIED OIL OF TURPENTINE 

Made by slaking oil of turpentine with an equal 
volume of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide, and distil- 
lation. 

Properties. — A thin, colorless liquid, having the 
same properties as oil of turpentine and should be the 
one used for internal use. 

DERIVATIVES OF TURPENTINE 
TEREBENUM— TEREBENE 

Made by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of tur- 
pentine and by distillation. 

Properties. — A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin 
liquid, having a rather agreeable thyme-like odor, and 
an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinated taste. Only 
slightly soluble in water, but soluble in three times its 
volume of alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 
m. Dilute same as oil of turpentine. 

TERPINI HYDRAS— TERPIN HYDRATE 

The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol Terpin. 
Derivation. — Rectified oil of turpentine, alcohol 



118 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

and nitric acid are mixed together in a shallow porce- 
lain dish, and after three or four days terpin hydrate 
crystallizes out. The crystals are collected, drained, 
dried on absorbent paper and purified by recrystalliza- 
tion in alcohol. 

Properties. — Colorless, crystals, odorless, having a 
somewhat bitter taste. Soluble in 200 parts of water, 
10 parts of alcohol. 

Actions. — Externally — Oil of turpentine is rube- 
facient, irritant and counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed 
in or confined, also a powerful antiseptic and disinfect- 
ant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. 

Internally — Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, anti- 
spasmodic, hemostatic and althelmintic; it is irritant, and 
large undiluted doses may cause gastro-enteritis and 
paralysis of nerve centers. 

Uses. — In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for 
worms, give full doses, septic fevers; gangrene of the 
lungs; catarrhal conditions, pneumonia and bronchitis; 
as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are better. 

For local gangrene remove the dead tissue and then 
apply the turpentine direct to the affected parts by 
means of absorbent cotton or cloth saturated with it ; the 
offensive odor is removed and sloughing arrested. For 
tape worm it is given with oleo-resin of aspidium, in oil. 
As an inhalation in pulmonary diseases one-half ounce 
is added to three quarts of boiling water. In two 
drachm doses every three hours, if frequently, aborts 
suppuration in parotiditis of horses. In purpura haem- 
orrhagica, turpentine is a valuable medicine as a vaso- 
motor stimulant and diuretic, given in two drachm doses 
every four hours with tincture chloride of iron and 
linseed oil. 

OLEUM TIGLII— CROTON OIL 

A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tig- 
lium Linne. 

Habitat. — Asia, India, Indian Archipelago and 
Philippine Islands. 

Properties. — A pale yellow or brownish-yellow, 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 119 

somewhat viscid, and slightly fluorescent liquid, having 
a slight fatty odor, and a mild, oily afterwards acrid 
and burning taste (great caution is necessary in tast- 
ing). Specific gravity 0.935 to 0.950 at 25° C. '(77° 
F.). 

Constituents. — ^Crotonoleic acid is the purgative 
principal. A small amount is free in the oil but it is 
mostly formed within the bowels. It resembles acid 
of castor oil in its chemistry ; crotonol is a non-purgative 
body causing irritation of the skin; tiglinic acid and 
other volatile acids existing as glycerides and accoimting 
for the odor of croton oil ; it also contains free and com- 
bined fatty acids. 

Dose. — Horses, 15 to 30 m.; cattle, i/> to 1 dr.; 
sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs, l/o to 2 m. 

Actions. — It is a powerful irritant and pustulant, 
is a drastic hyragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro- 
enteritis and much prostration; undiluted it seriously 
and deeply inflames the skin, causing severe blemishes 
and by absorption it may cause fever and superpurga- 
tion. The purgative action is probably due in part to 
direct irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane; in 
part to absorption and elimination of the purgative prin- 
ciple by the bowels. 

Uses. — ^^Cattle are the only animals for which it can 
be used with any degree of safety; it can be used for 
dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses 
and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; it is used in 
cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suf- 
fer from lodgment of fecal matter in the third stomach 
and other forms of constipation, and from torpidity of 
the bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate 
or young animals. If an over-dose has been given com- 
bat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should 
not be used as a counter-irritant or applied to the skin 
in any form or for any purpose. Ci^oton oil (in a pint 
of linseed oil) is valuable in assisting the action of salts 
in obstinate constipation of cattle. It may be given to 
horses when a powerful derivative and purgative action 



120 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

is indicated, as iii acute inflammation of the brain and 
spinal cord with calomel and aloes in a capsule. 

OPIUM 

Derivation. — The concrete, milky exudate obtained 
by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum 
Linne, and yielding in its normal, moist condition, not 
less than nine per cent of crystallized morphine when 
assayed by the official process. 0])ium is imported from 
Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. The 
Smyram, or Turkey opium, is the more common variety 
used in the United States. It occurs in irregular, glo- 
bular masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules 
of a species of dock, weighing from one-half to one 
pound. 

Properties. — In irregular, flattened, more or less 
rounded masses of variable size, externally grayish- 
brown, covered with particles of poppy leaves and with 
occasional fruits of a species of Rumex; more or less 
2)lastic when fresh, but becoming hard on kee])ing ; inter- 
nally dark brown, somewhat lustrous; odor strong, nar- 
cotic; taste bitter and characteristic. It yields its med- 
ical ])roperties to water, alcohol and dilute acids, form- 
ing dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its principles 
in part. 

Constituents. — There are about nineteen or twenty 
alkaloids derived from opium, Init only a few are of any 
importance so far as their medical value is concerned. 

Dose. — Of the crude opium — Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; 
cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 10 to 30 gr. ; pigs, 5 to 10 gr. ; 
dogs, 1/2 to 2 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 
OPII PULVIS— POWDERED OPIUM 

This is opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 
85° C. (185° F.) and powdered and should not contain 
less than 12 per cent nor more than 12l/> per cent mor- 
phine. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to ll/o dr.; cattle, 1 to 3 dr.; 
sheep, 5 to 30 gr.; pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, 14 to 3 gr. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 121 

EXTRACTUM OPII— EXTRACT OF OPIUM 

Composed of powdered opium, 100 parts; distilled 
water, 1000 parts; sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity. 
Made by trituration, filtration and evaporation. As- 
sayed to contain 20 per cent of morphine. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 1 dr. ; cattle, 1 to 2 dr. ; sheep, 
5 to 15 gr.; pigs, 3 to 10 gr.; dogs, 14 to 2 gr. 

PULVIS IPECACUANHAE ET OPII— POWDER 

OF IPECAC AND OPIUM— DOVER'S 

POWDER 

Composed of ipecac, 10 parts; powdered opium, 10 
parts; sugar of milk, 80. The most diaphoretic and 
expectorant compound of opium. 

Dose. — Horses, I/2 to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 12 gr. 

TINCTURA IPECACUANHAE ET OPII— TINC- 
TURE OF IPECAC AND OPIUM— LIQUID 
DOVER'S POWDER 

Composed of tincture of deodorized opium 100, 
evaporated to 80, fluid extract of ipecac 10, diluted al- 
cohol sufficient quantity to make 100. 

Dose. — Plorses, i/o to 1 oz. ; dogs, 3 to 12 m. 

TINCTURA OPII— TINCTURE OF OPIUM 
Popularly Known as Laudanum 

Composed of granulated opium, 100 parts; alcohol, 
400 parts; water, 400 parts; diluted alcohol to make 
1000. Made by trituration, maceration with precipi- 
tated calcium phosphate and percolation. Assayed and 
standardized to contain between 1.2 and 1.25 gm. of 
morphine in 100 c. c. 

Dose. — Horses, 1 to 2 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 3 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 2 to 4 dr. ; dogs, 3 to 20 m. 

TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA— CAMPHO- 
RATED TINCTURE OF OPIUM 
Well Known as Paregoric 
Composed of powdered opium, 4 parts ; benzoic acid. 



122 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

4 parts; camphor, 4 parts; oil of anise, 4 parts; gtycerine, 
40 parts; diluted alcohol to make 1000 parts. Made by 
maceration and filtration. 

Dose. — Dogs, 1 to 4 dr. ; puppies and cats, 2 to 10 m. 

OPIUM DEODORATUM— DEODORIZED 
OPIUM 

Composed of powdered opium, 500 parts; purified 
petroleum, q. s. JVIade by repeated maceration, agita- 
tion and percolation with purified petroleum benzine. 
The petroleum benzine removes narcotic and odorous 
principles, which cause nausea and disagreeable after- 
effects in opium. Contains 12 to 12.5 per cent of mor- 
phine. 

Dose. — Same as powdered opium. 

VINUM OPII— WINE OF OPIUM 

Composed of o])ium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry 
wine. Recommended for dogs suffering from diarr- 
hoea. 

Dose. — Same as the tincture of opium. 

MORPHINA— MORPHINE 

An alkaloid obtained from opium. 

Properties. — Colorless or white, shining prismatic 
crystals, or fine needles, or crystalline powder; odorless 
and having a bitter taste ; permanent in the air ; soluble 
in 3330 parts of water. The latter are preferable ow- 
ing to their greater solubility. 

MORPHINAE HYDROCHORIDUM— MOR- 
PHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 

INIorphine is stirred with hot distilled water, to which 
hydrochloric acid is gradually added. Morphine hydro- 
chlorate crystallizes out on cooling. 

Properties. — White silky, glistening needles or 
microcrystalline cubes, or a white, crystalline powder, 
odorless and having a bitter taste; permanent in the 
air. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether 
and chloroform. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 123 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 3 to 10 gr. ; sheep, 1/? to 
2 gr. ; pigs, 1/10 to l/^ gr. ; clogs, !/§ to l/o gr. About 
one-half of these doses for hypodermic use. 

MORPHINAE ACETAS— MORPHINE 
ACETATE 

Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and water and 
the solution evaporated and crystallized. 

Properties. — A white or faintly yellowish-white, 
crystalline, amorphous powder, having a faint, acetous 
odor and bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as morphine hydrochloride. 

MORPHINAE SULPHAS— MORPHINE 
SULPHATE 

Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled water; di- 
luted sulphuric acid is added until neutralization is at- 
tained, and the sulphate crystallizes out on cooling. 

Properties. — White, featheiy, acicular, silky cryst- 
als, or in cubical masses, odorless, permanent in the air, 
and having a bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol, 
insoluble in chloroform and ether. 

CODEINA— CODEINE 

An alkaloid obtained from opium by evaporation of 
the ammonical liquid, after the precipitation of mor- 
phine. The residue is added to water, precipitated by 
potassium hydrate, and redissolved in ether, from which 
codeine crystallizes out on evaporation. 

Properties. — White or nearly translucent, orthor- 
hobic prisms, octahedral crystals, or a ciystalline pow- 
der; odorless and having a faintly bitter taste; slightly 
efflorescent in warm air. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether 
and chloroform. 

Dose.— Dogs, 14 to li/o gr. 

HEROIN— DIACETYLMORPHINE 

This diiig is a derivative of morphine, and is now 
used extensively in human medicine as a substitute for 
morphine and codeine. 



124 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Properties. — White or colorless, crystalline pow- 
der, possessing a slightly bitter taste. Insoluble in wa- 
ter, but readily soluble in weak acidous solutions. 
Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder, 
odorless, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses 
both morphine and codeine therapeutically in many 
ways. It increases markedly the inspiratory and ex- 
2:)irator)^ force, while lessening the number of the res- 
pii-atory movements and exerts a special sedative influ- 
ence on the respiratory mucous membranes. The drug 
acts also as a general motor depressant, hyj^notic and 
analgesic, but is not comparable to morphine in these 
respects. Heroin is about five times more toxic for dogs 
than morphine. Heroin is particularly valuable in the 
treatment of all varieties of coughs affecting the dog. 
The after-effects of small doses are not as nauseating 
or constipating as morphine. 

Heroin can be given in powder, pill or tablet, the 
Heroin hydrochloride in solution, every three or four 
hours. 

Dose of Either. — Horses, l^ to 2 gr.; dogs, 1/24 
to 1/6 gr. 

Actions. — Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, diaphor- 
etic, antispasmodic, narcotic; also cardiac and respira- 
tory depressant after primary brief stimulation. 

Medical Doses. — It dries all secretions except the 
mammae and skin. The latter being increased, it pro- 
duces diyness of the mouth and throat, arrests gastric 
secretions, retards digestion and causes anorexia (loss 
of appetite) ; it stimulates the brain by increasing the 
blood supply; in man it stimulates the mantal activity, 
while in animals it stimulates motor activity; it does not 
affect the conductivity of nerves, but it prevents the 
consciousness to pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; 
the action of the heart is increased and arterial tension 
is raised; the pupil slightly contracted; the mind at 
first stimulated, becomes calm, sleep follows, disturbed 
by dreams and headache; constipation and some depres- 
sion follows. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 125 

Large Doses. — Arrest digestion, cause nausea and 
vomiting, greatly increase perspiration, prevents the 
conductivity of nerves, depresses the heart and circula- 
tion, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature; it 
contracts the pupil by stimulating the motor nerve of the 
eye (in horses it dilates the pupil) and causes intense 
puritis (itching), especially of the nose, often retention 
of the urine and soon profound sleep; in some cases 
coma or delirium, leaving as after-effects nausea, de- 
pression, constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal puritis 
and fetid pathological secretions. 

Morphine and codeine comjMred with the action of 
ojnum. Morphine is inore anodyne and hypnotic; it 
causes more intense puritis (itching) is less stimulant, 
less convulsant, less constipating and diaphoretic. 

Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the spinal 
cord more than morphine and affects the cerebrum less, 
producing muscular tremors in excess of sedation; it 
reduces the urinaiy sugar in diabetes and has a selective 
sedative influence on the pneumogastric nerve, thus a 
better sedative in cough. 

Indications for the use of Opium : 

1. To relieve pain and spasm. 

2. To produce sleep. 

3. To abort inflammation. 

4. To check excessive secretions. 

5. To act as a stimulant and supporting agent. 

6. As a sudorific (not so active in animals as in 
man). 

Sulphuric ether administered with opium prevents 
its drying up effects as well as the nauseating and de- 
pressing effects. Used for pain from any cause except 
acute inflammation of the brain. Used in low fevers 
to support the system when suflicient food cannot be 
taken, also in irritation of bronchi, bladder, stomach and 
bowels, as well as the uterus. 

In inflammation of the serous membranes which line 
the abdominal walls (peritonitis) opium can be used 



126 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

freely; combined or alternated with aconite and diu- 
retics is very highly recommended and tends to prevent 
dropsical conditions. 

In inflammation of the serous membrane investing 
lungs and lining the thorax I (pleurisy) opium and aco- 
nite will often arrest its development if administered in 
its first stages. 

In diarrhoea and dysentery opium is said to be one 
of the best medicines we have, it can be combined with 
acetate of lead, prepared chalk, etc. 

In inflammation of the bowels, owing to its effect 
in binding up the bowels, belladonna alternated with 
aconite is preferred to o]:)ium. 

In colds administer Dover's Powder, or opium, am- 
monium carbonate, quinine sulphate and camphor. 

In spasmodic colic do not use opium, but give hypo- 
dermically three to four grains of morphine sulphate ; it 
is non-constipating; also use anodynes, such as cannabis 
indica, hyoscyamus, etc., are preferable. 

In gastritis, opium conjoined with bismuth sub. ni- 
trate and hydrastis. 

In eversion of the rectum or uterus, administer mor- 
phine hypodermically to prevent straining. 

In muscular spasms opium is very effective. 

In cerebro-spinal meningitis opium should be ad- 
ministered early, before exudation has set in, with bella- 
donna and ergot, alternated with aconite. 

In diabetes millitus, codeine is said to be best, as it 
lessens the amount of sugar in the urine and should be 
administered by the mouth; if given hypodermically 
it exerts no influence on the sugar. 

In catarrhal diseases administer opium to lessen the 
discharge. 

In Thumps administer full doses of morphine sub- 
cutaneously. 

In inflammation of the eyes morphine sulphate is 
very efficient combined with zinc sul])hate and distilled 
water. 

Toxic Doses. — Produce cold clammy sweat, very 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 127 

slow heart, diminished quantity of urine, abolished re- 
ilexes, coma, the pupil minutely contracted (exeept in 
the horse) but dilated as the end approaches and death 
by suspension of respiration, due to direct action of the 
poison on the respiratory centers in the medulla. 

In case of poisoning. Emetics, stomach pump, 
permanganate of potassium, grain for grain of mor- 
phine, or 10 to 15 grains dissolved in 8 ounces of water, 
given by the mouth for large dogs, and 1 to 2 drachms 
of permanganate of potassium in 2 or 3 pints of water 
for horses. Artificial respiration, striking the body, 
keep patient moving, empty bladder to prevent absorp- 
tion. 

APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDUM— 
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 

Derivation. — The hydrochloride of an artificial al- 
kaloid, obtained by heating morphine or codeine in her- 
metically closed tubes with an excess of pure hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Properties.— Minute, grayish-white, shining mono- 
clinic prisms, without odor, having a faintly bitter taste 
and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure to light and 
air. It should be kept in small, dark, amber-colored 
vials. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. 

Dose. — As an emetic for dogs, % to 1/5 gr., by the 
mouth, and 1/20 to 1/10 gr, subcutaneously. 

Dose. — As an expectorant, subcutaneously, horses, 
^ gr. ; foals, l/o gr. ; cattle, ll/) gr. ; sheep and calves, 
% gr. ; dogs, 1/10 to 1/5 gr. By the mouth, dogs, 1/40 
to 1/25 gr as an expectorant. 

Action and Uses — It is a prompt and effectual 
emetic in animals that vomit, acting on the vomiting cen- 
ters. When 1/5 gr. dissolved in water is swallowed by 
either man or dog repeated vomiting occurs, but is not 
followed by so much nausea as usually follows the use 
of tartar emetic. Increases bronchial, intestional and 
pancreatic secretions. Chronic dry bronchitis of dogs 
is benefited by apomorphine. In pica cattle, ll/4 gr. 



128 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

may be given on three consecutive days, or in recent 
cases, 3 gr. are given subcutaneously in the same way. 
It relieves choking in animals by its relaxing spasm and 
increasing secretion of the gullet. Three-quarters of a 
grain may be injected under the skin in horses. It 
should be tried before using a probang, as, if successful, 
it will act within fifteen or twenty minutes. The alka- 
loid decomposes in crystal and rapidly in solution, be- 
coming toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should be 
freshly prepared. 

PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM— LIQUID PETRO- 
LATUM 

Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly 
of the marshgas series, obtained by distilling off the 
lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum and 
purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence. 

Properties. — A colorless, or more or less yellowish, 
oily transparent liquid without odor or taste; or giving 
off, when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. Insoluble 
in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot alcohol, or cold 
absolute alcohol ; but soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon 
disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzine, benzol and fixed 
and volatile oils. 

PETROLATUM— VASELINE— COSMOLINE 

Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of 
the marshgas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter 
and more volatile portions from petroleum and purify- 
ing the residue when it has reached the desired melting 
point. 

Properties. — A fat-like mass of about the consist- 
ence of an ointment varying in color from yellowish to 
light amber, having not more than a slight fluorescence, 
even after being melted ; transparent in thin layers, com- 
pletely amorphous and without odor or taste, or giving 
off when heated a faint odor of petroleum. In other re- 
spects soft petrolatum has the solubility of liquid petro- 
latum. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 129 

PETROLATUM ALBUM— WHITE PETROLA- 
TUM 

Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly 
of the methane series, obtained by distilKng off the 
lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum and 
purifying the residue. 

Properties. — A white, unctuous mass, of about the 
consistency of an ointment, transparent in thin layers, 
completely amorphous; without odor or taste. Other- 
wise it resembles, in solubility, petrolatum. 

Action. — All ])reparations of petrolatum are valu- 
able emollients. They soothe, protect and soften parts 
to which they are applied and are superior to animal or 
vegetable fats or oils in not becoming rancid. 

Uses. — Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an ex- 
cipient in the preparation of ointments, but does not aid 
the absorption of drugs (as do alcohol, glycerine, chloro- 
form, animal oils and fats), for it is not itself absorbed 
even when administered internally. Petrolatum exerts 
a demulcent action upon the mucous membrane of the 
alimentary tract, and may be prescribed in electuary or 
capsule in inflammation thereof. Liquid petrolatum is 
useful given internally in piles (dogs one-half ounce 
twice daily) to soften the feces. It is also very service- 
able with menthol and eamj^hor (equal parts, fifteen 
grains to one ounce) dropped in the nostrils (with a 
medicine dropj)er) for dogs with acute nasal catarrh. 
Petrolatum is sold universally under the proprietary 
names of vaseline and cosmoline, and is often combined 
with antiseptics for medical and surgical purposes in 
skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous membranes, 
blisters and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of 
the most useful agents in lubricating instruments, pro- 
tecting metal from rust, and is sometimes employed as a 
vehicle for electuries. It should not be used as a base 
for blisters or other ointments where absorption is de- 
sired. 



130 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

PIX LIQUIDA— TAR 

An empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the de- 
structive distillation of the wood of various species of 
pines, especially that of Pinus palustris. 

Habitat. — United States. 

Properties. — Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish- 
brown; heavier than water, transparent, in thin layers, 
becoming granular and opaque with age ; odor empyreu- 
matic terbinthinated; taste sharp empyreumatic. Tar 
is slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, fixed or 
volatile oils and solutions of potassium or sodium hy- 
drate. 

Constituents.- — Oil of turpentine; methlic alcohol; 
creosote; guaiacol; phenol; pyrocatechin ; toluol; xylol; 
acetic acid; acetone; resins. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 oz.; sheep and 
pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 1/4 to 1 dr. Oil of tar should be 
diluted with alcohol, glycerine, syrup or mucilage, 

PREPARATIONS 
UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDAE— TAR OINT- 
MENT 

Composed of tar, 500; yellow wax, 150; lard, 350. 
Used alone as a healing ointment or as a base. 

OLEUM PISIS LIQUIDAE— OIL OF TAR 

A volatile oil distilled from tar. 

Properties. — An almost eolorless liquid when fresh- 
ly distilled, but soon acquiring a dull, reddish brown 
color, and having a strong tarry odor and taste. Solu- 
ble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 4 dr.; dogs, l/o to 2 dr. 

Actions. — Internally, is an antiseptic stimulant ex- 
pectorant. Externally, it is rubefacient and if continu- 
ally rubbed in may eause papules and pustules. 

Uses. — Tar or the oil is commonly used in cough 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 131 

mixtures and in subacute and chronic bronchitis. By 
inhalation (which is done by pouring tar on a heated 
shovel or a shovel containing live coals or by adding a 
pint of tar to a gallon of water, heating the mixture by 
placing hot bricks or stones in the solution) either 
method is excellent for its local antiseptic and stimulat- 
ing effects in the various catarrhal diseases; bronchitis, 
distemper, strangles, etc. Care should be used so that 
the vapor be not inlialed too hot. 

Externally, it is a very useful agent in various skin 
diseases, both parasitic and non-parasitic; for this the 
official ointment may be used, or if used on a large sur- 
face on dogs it should be diluted with an equal amount 
of zinc ointment. 

PLUMBI OXIDUM— LEAD OXIDE 

Derivation. — Made by roasting lead in the air. 

Properties. — A hea,vj, yellowish or reddish-yellow 
powder, or minute scales, without odor or taste. Almost 
insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Lead oxide is 
only valuable for its preparations. 

PREPARATIONS 
PLUMBI ACETAS— LEAD ACETATE— SUGAR 

OF LEAD 

Derivation. — Heat lead oxide in acetic acid and 
water. Lead acetate crystallizes on cooling. 

Properties. — Colorless, shining, transparent; mono- 
clinic prisms or plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, 
or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor and 
a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic taste. Ef- 
florescent and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to 
the air. Soluble in two parts of water and in thirty 
parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 15 to 20 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 2 gr. Given in capsule or 
solution. 



132 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

PREPARATIONS 
LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS — SOLU- 
TION OF LEAD SUBACETATE— 
GOULARD'S EXTRACT 

An aquous liquid, containing in solution about 25 
per cent of lead subacetate. 

Derivation. — Made from acetate of lead, 180 parts; 
oxide of lead, 110 parts; boiled together in water to 
make 1000 parts. 

Properties. — A dense, clear colorless liquid, sweet, 
astringent taste, decomposed by exposure to the air. 

Actions. — The lead compounds are powerful as- 
tringents, haemostatics, styptics, anodynes, local seda- 
tives and desiccants; they coagulate albumen and form 
a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In large 
or continued doses they irritate, then paralyze voluntary 
and involuntary muscles, and also the central nervous 
system. 

Uses. — Plumbi acetate is administered internally to 
check haemorrhages, especially of the stomach and 
lungs, has been used in purpura in horses with varying 
results ; it is said to be very good in red water of cattle ; 
also used in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, lead ace- 
tate with opium is very good, also in dysentery, chix^nic 
scouring and bronchorrhoea ; it is occasionally prescribed 
as a gargle. 

Externally used in solution to check superficial in- 
flammation; used on burns, bruises and ulcers, also to 
cool and reheve strained and inflamed tendons and 
joints, it is also used as a wash to abate the itching of 
nettle-rash and erythema and other skin diseases; also 
serviceable in eczema and grease-heel ; used in eye wash 
but should not be used when there is an abrasion of the 
cornea, as insoluble compounds are formed; the acetate 
may be used as an ointment or powder or in solution dis- 
solved in twenty to forty parts water, a little vinegar or 
acetic acid increases its solulnlity; it is used in white 
lotion combined with zinc sulphate and water. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 133 

Goulard's Extract, four ounces to a pint of water, 
is used for sprains, bruises, cuts, burns, scratches, grease- 
heel, etc. For painful affections, tincture of opium, 
four to six ounces to one pint, or belladonna, two ounces 
to the pint, are added. Goulard's Extract, one part, 
lard oil, four parts, makes a good dressing for bhstered 
or bruised surfaces, grease-heel and other ailments of 
that class; for skin diseases, eczema, canker of ear in 
dog, etc. 

POTASSII ACETAS— POTASSIUM ACETATE 

Derivation. — Add acetic acid in excess to potassium 
carbonate. Evaporate to dryness and fuse residue. 

Properties. — White, deliquescent, satiny, neutral 
masses of a peculiar odor; also in a granular form. Sol- 
uble in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l^ to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1/) to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. 

POTASSII CITRAS— POTASSIUM CITRATE 

Derivation. — Neutralize potassium carbonate with 
a solution of citric acid and evaporate to dryness. 

Properties. — White, granular, deliquescent pow- 
der, saline taste, neutral reaction. Soluble in water. 

Dose. — Same as potassium acetate. 

Actions. — Potassium acetate and citrate are the 
least irritant to the stomach of all the potassium salts. 
They are neutral and have no action on the gastric juice: 
are not antacid. They are changed into the carbonate 
of potassium and as such circulate in the blood. Are 
powerful direct diuretics, stimulate the renal cells direct 
and increase both the water and the solids of the urine, 
also diaphoretic ; the citrate more than the acetate. They 
have a slight depressing action on the heart, and slightly 
expectorant. 

Uses. — Potassium acetate and citrate are indicated 
in irritation or inflammation of the kidneys and bladder 
and cause absorption of exudations (pleural effusion, for 
example) through their diuretic power. They are some- 
times prescribed in fever on account of slight diaphor- 



134 VETERINABY MEDICINES 

etic and powerful diuretic properties. They also stim- 
ulate bronchial secretions and make it thinner and are 
recommended accordingly in bronchitis. They are used 
in gouty conditions, Bright's disease, fevers of all kinds, 
azotima, dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites oedema 
of the legs, sheath, udder, etc., combined with tonics, 
as iron, etc. 

POTASSII BROMIDUM— POTASSIUM BRO- 
MIDE 

Derivation. — Potassium bromide may be obtained 
by adding a slight excess of bromide to a strong solution 
of potassium hydroxide, evaporating the potassium 
bromide and bromate to dryness, decomposing the bro- 
mate by fusing the mixture with charcoal and purifying 
the crystallization. 

Properties. — Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or 
granules; odorless and having a strong saline taste. 
Permanent in the air. Soluble in about fifteen parts of 
water and in about one hundred and eighty parts of al- 
cohol. 

SODII BROMIDUM— SODIUM BROMIDE 

Derivation. — Sodium bromide may be obtamed in 
the same manner as potassium bromide, sodium hydrox- 
ide being used in place of potassium hydroxide. 

Properties. — It occurs in colorless or white, cubical 
crystals, or a white, granular powder, odorless and hav- 
ing a saline, bitter taste. The salt absorl)s moisture 
from the air without deliquescing. Soluble in one and 
seven-tenths parts of water and in twelve and a half 
parts of alcohol. 

Action of Potassium and Sodium Bromide. — 
They are distinguished depressants of the cerebral and 
spinal functions, also hypnotic, anaphrodisiac, antispas- 
modic and alterative. The bromide of potash, like all 
other potassium salts, is especially a cardiac and muscu- 
lar paralyzant. They are very diffusible and slowly 
eliminated; long continued doses produce gastric ca- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 135 

tarrh. They reduce the number of respirations and the 
heart's action and force; lessen activity of brain cells, 
producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral 
nerves, causing anesthesia of the skin and mucous mem- 
brane. 

Uses. — The bromides, being particularly useful in 
the treatment of functional nervous diseases, do 
not possess nearly the value in veterinary medicine that 
they have in human practice. Consequently their use 
is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have 
little influence upon diseases of horses. They are some- 
times used as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower 
reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement 
of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion 
of the brain. Used extensively in fits of dogs, twenty 
or thirty grain doses of the bromide of potash or bro- 
mide of soda dissolved in a tablespoonful of water; may 
be used per rectum if necessary in any convulsive or 
spasmodic condition. In strychnine poisoning, the bro- 
mide of potash may be used as an antidote in place of 
chloral hydrate or conjoined with it. 

Doses. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 60 gr. ; average dose, 20 gr. 

POTASSII CARBONAS — POTASSIUM CAR- 
BONATE—SALTS OF TARTAR 

Derivation. — The solution resulting from the lixi- 
viation of wood ashes is boiled to drj^ness and the result- 
ant mass is the potash of commerce. This is purified to 
some extent by burning in ovens, forming pearlash, a 
mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves 
mainly the carbonate which is obtained by evaporation 
of the aqueous solution. 

Properties. — A white, granular powder, odorless 
and having a strongly alkaline taste; very deliquescent. 
Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1/2 to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. 



136 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

POTASSII BICARBONAS— POTASSIUM 
BICARBONATE 

Derivation. — Potassium bicarbonate is obtained by 
saturating a strong aqueous solution of potassium car- 
bonate and carbonic anhydride. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic 
prisms, odorless and having a saline and slightly alkaline 
taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. Al- 
most soluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Same as potassium carbonate. 

Action and Uses. — They stimulate the production 
of gastric juice when administered before meals with 
bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome excessive acidity 
of the stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition 
to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Use- 
ful as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching skin 
diseases. Internally and externally as a mild wash, two 
to four drachms to the ])int. A solution of the same 
strength is injected to overcome acidity of the uterus in 
leucorrhoca, etc. Calculus made up of ammonium, 
magnesium and phosphates occur in the bladder and 
urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use 
potassium bicarbonate one-half to one drachm, wxll di- 
luted, conjoined with laxative diet and belladonna to 
dilaie urethra; it is less certain as a diuretic than the 
acetate or nitrate of potassium. 

POTASSII HYDROXIDUM — POTASSIUM 
HYDROXIDE— CAUSTIC POTASH 

Derivation. — A solution hydrate is evaporated, and 
this is fused and run into moulds. 

Properties. — White, translucent pencils or fused 
masses, hard and brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; 
odorless or having a faint odor of lye and a very acid and 
caustic taste. Very deliquescent in air. Soluble in wa- 
ter and alcohol. 

Not used in this form to anv extent. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 137 

LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI— SOLUTION 
OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 

A solution of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) 
containing about five per cent of the hydroxide. 

Derivation. — Boiling a solution of potassium car- 
bonate with calcium hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in 
solution, while calcium carbonate is precipitated. 

Properties. — A clean, clear colored liquid, odorless, 
having a very acrid and caustic taste. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l^ to 1 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 1/2 to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 10 m. 

Action and Uses. — Externally potassium hydrox- 
ide and the solution of potassium hydroxide are irritant 
and caustic, when applied they abstract water from the 
parts. They dissolve fatty matters, antacids and if well 
diluted acts as a sedative. Internally not used to any 
extent, as milder salts of potassium are preferred, is 
antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. Large un- 
diluted doses corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, 
cause colicy pains, great depression and sometimes perf- 
orations. Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy 
warts and fungous growths. A dilute solution is used 
to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, as it 
may penetrate too dee])ly and spread. This can be 
overcome by washing with vinegar. 

POTASSII lODIDUM— POTASSIUM IODIDE 
Derivation. — Potassium iodide may be prepared in 
the same manner as potassium bromide iodine, being 
used in place of bromine. 

Properties. — It is a colorless, transparent, translu- 
cent, or opaque white, cubical crystals, or white granular 
powder, having a pecuHar, faint, iodine-like odor and a 
pungent, saline, afterwards bitter, taste. Permanent in 
dry air and but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Solu- 
ble in 0.7 parts of water, and in about 12 parts of alco- 
hol at 77° F., in 0.5 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of 
boiling alcohol; also soluble in 2.5 parts of glycerine. 
Actions. — Potassium iodide closely resembles iodine 



138 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

but is less powerful and devoid of local irritant action. 
Medical doses are antiseptic, desquamatic, deobstruent, 
expectorant, alterative and diuretic. It stimulates the 
lymphatic system. It is readily soluble, and is quickly 
absorbed in the tissues, where it undergoes decomposi- 
tion; the iodine, when liberated, apparently combines 
with albumenoids and acts specially on the lymphatic 
glands and vessels, modifying nutrition, hastening meta- 
bolism and promoting absorption. It is doubtless in 
this way that it also unites with lead and mercury de- 
posited in the tissues, renders them soluble, carries them 
into the circulation and causes their elimination. 

It is quickly excreted by the mucus and skin surfaces, 
but chiefly by the kidneys. 

Uses. — Potassium iodide is useful in promoting ab- 
sorption of enlarged lymphatic glands, and its action 
should be assisted by the application of iodine or red 
iodide of mercury externally. Potassium iodide in 
small doses diminishes congestion and increases the fluid- 
ity and amount of secretions in acute laryngitis, acute 
and subacute bronchitis, and appears to possess an al- 
terative action in improving the condition and nutri- 
tion of the bronchial mucous membranes. It is also of 
some value in asthma, pulmonary emphysema and 
chronic bronchitis, unassociated with copious secretion. 
Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis and ascites are treated 
with potassium iodide, which assists absorption and oc- 
casionally exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy resolution of 
pneumonia consolidation is hastened by potassium io- 
dide. Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is said 
to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis. 

Champignon, or scirrhus cord in horses, is sometimes 
cured by the sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in 
full doses. Potassium iodide is of value in goiter of dogs, 
calves and sheep when tincture of iodine is used ex- 
ternally. "Roaring" and "thick wind" may be cured by 
the administration of potassium iodide. It is the best 
medicine known for actinomycosis. Potassium iodide has 
a clinical reputation for its power to aid absorption and 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 139 

resolution in inflammation or effusions of the brain or 
spinal cord, in paralysis of the body or limbs and in- 
flammation of the membranes covering the brain. 

Doses. — Horses, 2 to 4 dr. ; cattle, 3 to 6 dr. ; sheep 
and pigs, 15 to 30 gr. ; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. 

It should be given to the larger animals in doses of 
three drachms daily, until iodism appears, which shows 
itself by loss of appetite, an irritable, catarrhal condition 
of the mucous membranes of the nostrils, eyes, throat 
and digestive organs, a vesicular skin eruption, absti- 
nence from water, diminished secretions of urine, tem- 
perature elevated and emaciation. 

POTASSII NITRAS— POTASSIUM NITRATE- 
NITRATE OF POTASH— NITER- 
SALTPETRE 

Derivation. — Nitrate of potash may be obtained 
by purifying crude niter, or by the interaction of sodium 
nitrate and potassium chloride. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, six-sided, 
rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, odorless and 
having a cooling, saline and pungent taste. Permanent 
in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 6 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. 

Actions. — Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels 
and kidneys ; medical doses are alterative, febrifuge, diu- 
retic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial 
glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these 
organs ; is a cardiac depressant and mild refrigerant and 
diaphoretic. 

Nitrate of potash is more frequently prescribed than 
any other potash salt in veterinary medicine, and is com- 
monly considered one of the best febrifuges. Its only 
service in fevers is as a diuretic. 

Uses. — In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of 
legs should be combined with digitalis and general tonics. 
For dropsical conditions the acetate and citrate are 
better. 



140 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Nitrate of potash is highly recommended in acute 
laminitis, two to four ounces once or twice daily is given 
by some veterinarians. 

POTASSII CHLORAS— POTASSIUM 
CHLORATE 

Derivation. — Pass chlorine into a mixture of potas- 
sium carbonate and calcium hydrate; dissolve the result 
in boiling water and recover the chlorate by crystalliza- 
tion. 

Properties. — Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms 
or plates, or white ])owder, odorless, having a cooling, 
saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. 
Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly soluble in mix- 
tures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when 
rubbed with sugar, sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and 
many other substances. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
% to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. 

Action. — Chlorate of potash is antiseptic, antacid, 
alterative, sialagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac 
depressant; irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract and 
kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and re- 
frigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; 
disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. 

Uses. — ^^Chlorate of potash is valuable as a wash or 
gargle, it stimulates the salivary and buccal glands, 
moistening the dry, parched mouth. It soothes and 
heals aphthous eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth 
and throat; while in catarrh, sore throat and In-onchitis 
it thins the secretions and promotes expectoration. Like 
other salines, in febrile and inflammatory diseases, 
whether in horses or cattle, it is believed to lower pulse 
and temperature, clean the tongue, improve appetite, 
gently stimulate the bowels and render the evacuations 
more natural and less coated with mucus. It is fre- 
quently prescribed with good results in horses suffer- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 141 

ing from catarrhal conditions of the bowels. In epi- 
zootic catarrh, purpura, it is very beneficial prescribed 
with iron salts, as it increases the coagulability of the 
blood. It is also prescribed with other salines, bitter 
tonics or stimulants. JNIost animals of their own ac- 
cord will take an ounce daily, dissolved in their drink- 
ing water or gruel. Pine tar is a soothing electuary for 
sore throat, it is conjoined with camphor, belladonna and 
treacle. 

POTASSII BITARTRAS— POTASSIUM BITAR- 
TRATE— CREAM OF TARTAR 

Derivation.— Obtained from crude tartar deposited 
on the sides of wine casks during fermentation of grape 
juice, by purification. 

Properties.— Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic 
crj'^stals, or a white, somewhat gritty powder; odorless 
and having a pleasant, acidulous taste. Permanent in 
the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, l/o to 1 oz.; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr. ; dogs, l/o to 1 dr. 

Actions. — Potassium bitartrate is a non-irritating 
purgative in large doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic 
and has a strong affinity for water ;' abstracting it from 
the blood vessels in the bowels, holding the same in solu- 
tion and thus flushing out the intestines. 

Uses. — Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, 
skin disease and as a refrigerant in febrile conditions. 
It should be given in solution and is useful in dropsies, 
more particularly of renal origin; also in catarrhal jaun- 
dice, and as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases 
where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high 
colored, it will cause it to regain its normal" state. It 
may easily be administered in either food or drinking 
water, and its diuretic effect is enhanced when given 
with a large amount of .water. 



142 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

POTASSII PERMANGANAS— POTASSIUM 

PERMANGANATE— PERMANGANTE 

OF POTASH 

Origin. — Potassium permanganate may be obtained 
by the interaction of potassium chlorate, potassium hy- 
droxide and manganese dioxide. 

Actions. — Potassium permanganate is a powerful 
oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the 
form of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. 
Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astrin- 
gent. 

Uses. — Potassium permanganate is advantageously 
used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, 
the nostrils in eczema, nasal gleet, the mouth in aphthae, 
throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, 
retention of placenta and leucorrhoea. It is sometimes 
given internally in purperal, erysipelas and septicaemia, 
also to cleanse hands or instruments. Potassium per- 
manganate is used as a prophylactic in solutions of one 
in five thousand in poultry. 

Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizant much 
more freely upon some organic substances than upon 
others, by virtue of which fact it is a valuable antidote, 
notably in the treatment of morphine-poisoning and of 
snake-poisoning. In the former condition it acts only 
upon the alkaloid in the stomach, but should be given 
frequently during the continuance of the sj^mptoms in 
order to destroy any morphine which may have been 
eliminated from the blood into the stomach. In snake- 
poisoning a concentrated solution of it should be in- 
jected freely and immediately into the part which has 
been bitten. Potassium permanganate is one of the 
best medicines with which to sterilize the hands before 
operating. A saturated solution is used for this pur- 
pose and the stains may be removed from the hands by 
washing them in saturated solution of oxalic acid, or 
in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 15 gr. to 1 dr. in one pint 
of water; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr. in half pint of wa- 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 143 

ter; dogs and cats, I/2 to 11 gi\ in capsule with kaolin. 
For poultry it should be diluted one part to five thou- 
sand parts of water. 

As an antiseptic and deodorizer for disinfecting 
newly cut or old foul smelling wounds and for surgical 
purposes one drachm to half an ounce of the drug to one 
pint of water. 

As an eye wash use about one in two thousand to one 
in one thousand. 

For uterine injections use one in five thousand to 
one in two thousand. 

As an antidote for opium, morphine or weed-poison- 
ing it can be administered by the mouth or hypodermic- 
ally. When given for these purposes the amount of po- 
tassium permanganate should equal that of the poison 
taken. 

QUSSIA— BITTER WOOD 

Qussia is obtained from chips or shavings from a 
tall tree 70 to 100 feet high. 

Habitat. — Jamaica and other West Indian Islands. 

Properties. — Qussia has no odor, but an intensely 
bitter taste, dependent on a neutral crystalline prin- 
ciple, quassin. There is also a volatile oil, but no tannin. 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM QUASSIAS— EXTRACT OF 
QUSSIA 

Made by percolation with water, boiling and evapo- 
ration to pilular consistence. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
15 to 30 gr. ; dogs, l/o to 3 gr. 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE— FLUIDEX- 
TRACT OF QUSSIA 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water and evaporation. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. 



144 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

TINCTURE QUSSIAE— TINCTURE OF 
QUSSIA 

Made by maceration and percolation of qussia, 200 
parts; with alcohol and water to make 1000. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
14 "to 1 oz. ; dogs, 1/2 to 2 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Qussia is a bitter stomachic and 
tonic. It resembles gentian and cahnnba. It is pre- 
scribed for the several domestic animals in dyspepsia, 
loss of appetite and convalescence from debilitating dis- 
orders. Qussia is the most efficient vermicide in our 
possession for the destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse; 
and O. vermicularis, dog, in the lower bowel. An in- 
fusion is employed for this purpose, made by soaking 
qussia chips in cold water (two drachms of the qussia 
to one ])int of water) for half an hour. The rectum 
should be first thoroughly washed out with soap and 
water and one-half puit of this infusion is given in 
enema to dogs; two quarts to horses. The infusion is 
a narcotic poison for flies and other insects. 

JALAPA— JALAP 

The dried tuberous roots of Exogonium Purga Ben- 
tham, yielding not less than eight per cent of total resin, 
but not more than one and a half per cent of the resin 
soluble in ether. 

Habitat. — Southern United States and Mexico. 

Properties. — The root is dark brown, with numer- 
ous concentric circles com])osed of small resin cells; frac- 
ture resinous, lustrous, not fibrous; odor slight, but 
peculiar, smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid. 

Dose. — Pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.; cats, I/2 
to 1 dr. 

RESINA JALAPA— RESIN OF JALAP 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, 
partial distillation; precipitation with water; washing 
and drying. 

Properties. — Yellowish-brown powder, having a 
slight, peculiar odor, and a somewhat acrid taste. Per- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 145 

manent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and vol- 
atile oils. 

Dose. — Pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr. ; dogs, 15 to 30 gr. ; eats, 
5 to 15 gr. 

Action and Uses. — Jalap is a hydragogue cathartic, 
a vermifuge and cholagogue. By adding calomel to 
jalap its power is increased; jalap is more active than 
senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge 
or podophyllum. Jalap may be given to expel round 
and thread worms; in torpidity of the liver, and in 
chronic constipation in dogs. 

PREPARATIONS 

PULVIS JALAPA COMPOSITUS— COMPOUND 

POWDER OF JALAP 

Composed of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, 
to make 100. 

Dose. — Dogs, 15 to 30 gr. 

RHAMNUS PURSHIANA — CASCARA SA- 

GRADA— CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN 

CHITTEM BARK 

The bark of Rhamnus Persiana de Candolle (nat. 
ord. Rhamnaceae). Collected at least one year before 
being used. 

Habitat.^ — ^United States from Northern Idaho 
west to the Pacific Ocean. 

Properties. — Externally the bark is reddish-brown. 
Intemallv vellowish to light brownish, becomino- dark 
with age. Odor distinct ; taste bitter and slightly acrid. 

Constituents. — Three resins ; a neutral body ; a vol- 
atile oil ; malic and tannic acids. 

Dose. — Dogs, 5 to 30 gr. ; cats, 1 to 5 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE 
FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHAMNUS PUR- 
SHIANA 
Made by maceration and percolation with diluted 
alcohol, and evaporation. 

Dose. — Dogs, 5 to 30 m. ; cats, 1 to 5 m. 



146 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANA 

AROMATICUM 

AROMATIC FLUIDEXTRACT OF CASCARA 

SAGRADA 

Dose. — Dogs, 5 to 30 m. ; cats, 1 to 5 m. 

Action and Uses. — Used as a non-irritant tonic 
laxative or cathartic; small doses are stomachic; to 
overcome chronic constipation, give small repeated 
doses; very useful in canine practice. The aromatic 
fluidextract is the best preparation, and is occasionally 
given to dogs and cats with castor oil. 

RHEUM— RHUBARB 

The dried roots of Rheum, of which there are sev- 
eral species. 

Habitat. — China and Thibet. 

Properties. — When powdered it is of a bright 
orange-yellow, odor characteristic; taste bitter, astrin- 
gent; gritty when chewed. 

Dose. — As a stomachic — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 
ozs. ; sheep, 1 dr.; dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr. 

As a mild purgative — Foals and calves, 1 to 2 dr.; 
dogs and cats, 1/2 to 2 dr. ; poultry, 5 to 10 gr., in pill. 

PREPARATIONS 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI— FLUIDEXTRACT 
OF RHUBARB 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol 
and water, and evaporated. 

Dose. — Same as that of rhubarb. 

PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS — COMPOUND 

POWDER OF RHUBARB— GREGORY'S 

POWDER 

Composed of rhubarb, 25 parts ; magnesia, 65 parts ; 
ginger, to make 100. 

Dose. — Foals and calves, l^ to 1 oz.; dogs, ^2 to 
3 dr. 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 147 

TINCTURE RHEI AROMATICA— AROMATIC 
TINCTURE OF RHUBARB 

Composed of rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon and nut- 
meg. 

Dose. — Calves, 2 dr. to 1 oz. ; foals, 2 to 6 dr. ; sheep, 
4 dr. to 1 oz.; lambs, % to 2 dr.; dogs, l/o to 3 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, 
astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Rhubarb 
is useful where there is a lack of tone to the bowels; 
used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its stimulating 
tonic action; as a laxative in large doses or may be 
combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in 
milk-fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, 
opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhoea; as a laxa- 
tive or purgative. The fluidextract or powdered root 
may be combined with calomel, jalap, etc. 

SALICINUM— SALICIN 

A neutral principle (glucoside) obtained from sev- 
eral species of the willow and poplar tree. 

Habitat. — Europe, but cultivated in North Amer- 
ica. 

Derivation. — Obtained from a decoction of willow 
bark. Salicin crystallizes on evaporation, after removal 
of tannin by agitation with lead oxide. It is purified 
by repeated solution and crystallization. 

Properties. — A white, silky, shining crystalline 
needle, or colorless crystalline powder; odorless, and 
having a very bitter taste. Permanent in air. Solu- 
ble in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 
to 4 dr. ; pigs, l/o to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. 

Actions. — Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment 
and antiseptic, somewhat antiperiodic resembling qui- 
nine in its actions, but not as powerful. 

Uses. — Used in febrile conditions about the same as 
quinine, its chief use is in acute rheumatism, for which 
it is a very good remedy; as a diaphoretic is used in 
large doses. 



148 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

SINAPIS ALBA— WHITE MUSTARD 

Derivation. — The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba 
Linne. 

Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in 
temperate climates. 

Description. — Globular, with a circular hilum; shell 
yellowish, finely pitted, hard ; embryo oily, with a curved 
radicle and two catyledons, one folded over the other; 
free from starch ; inodorous ; taste pungent and acrid. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 to 4 dr. ; cattle, l/o to 1 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 10 to 15 gr. 

SINAPIS NIGRA— BLACK MUSTARD 

Derivation. — The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis Nigra 
Linne. 

Habitat. — Same as White Mustard. 

Description. — Globular, with a circular hilum; 
shell blackish-brown, or grayish-brown, finel}" pitted, 
hard; embryo oily, with curved radicle and two cotyle- 
dons, one folded over the other; free from starch; in- 
odorous when dry, but when triturated with water, of a 
pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungent 
and acrid. 

Constituents. — In the presence of water the latter 
converts the former into the acrid, volatile, official oil 
of mustard. 

Dose. — Same as white mustard. Commercial form 
of mustard is a mixture of black and white mustard, and 
constitutes Sinapis. 

PREPARATIONS 

OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE — VOLATILE 
OIL OF MUSTARD 
Derivation. — A volatile oil obtained from black 
mustard by maceration with water and subsequent dis- 
tillation. 

Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, and 
strongly refractive liquid, havmg a very pungent and 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 149 

acrid odor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol, ether 
or carbon disulphide, the solution being neutral to lit- 
mus paper. Si^ecific gravity 1.013 to 1.020. 

Actions. — Is irritant or counter-irritant, rube- 
facient, vesicant or suppurant, according to the manner 
in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantha- 
rides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste made 
with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces 
its effects within twenty minutes; in two to six hours 
vesication occurs, pustules may occur where the paste is 
used very strong or closely repeated, or too much has 
been used. 

The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesi- 
cant and acts very quickly. 

Uses. — It is used as a counter-irritant in laryngitis, 
pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, or 
wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; applied in the 
early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves 
difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount 
of blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the in- 
flammatory action; also useful in the exudative stages 
of these diseases; to promote the absorption of the exu- 
date and thus hasten resolution, or where these diseases 
remain dormant ; also arouse a depressed nervous system 
and reflexly stimulates the heart; can be used in spinal 
diseases or in congestion of the kidneys. 

It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 min- 
utes, then washed oif and repeat in an hour or two; 
also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; 
also in colic, enteritis and perionitis ; in phlebitis mustard 
can be used, but a cantharides blister is better. In mak- 
ing a mustard plaster, take the pure powdered mustard 
and gradually pour in Avarm M^ater (not hot) ; can also 
be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with mod- 
erate friction. 

As an emetic for dogs one to two teaspoonfuls in 
one or two ounces of warm water is very effective. 



150 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

SODIUM BICARBONATE— BICARBONATE OF 

SODA 

Origin. — Bicarbonate of soda may be obtained by- 
exposing crystals of sodium carbonate to carbonic anhy- 
dride, or by the interaction of sodium chloride and am- 
monium bicarbonate. 

Properties. — Bicarbonate of soda is a white, opaque 
powder, odorless and having a cooling, mildly alkaline 
taste. It is permanent in diy, but slowly decomposes 
in moist air. Soluble in twelve parts of water at 15° C. 
(59° F.) ; above this temperature the solution gradu- 
ally loses carbon dioxide, and at boiling heat the salt 
is entirely converted into normal carbonate, insoluble in 
alcohol. 

Actions. — Antacid, peristaltic stimulant, carmina- 
tive, alterative and mildly anodyne externally. It also 
increases fluidity of and secretion of gastric juice. 

Uses. — In disorders of the digestive organ admin- 
istered half hour before meals, to increase the flow of 
gastric juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young 
calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dys- 
pepsia, are benefited by one to two drams of bicarbonate 
of soda, dissolved in each meal of milk. Bicarbonate of 
soda has become a very popular medicine in the treat- 
ment of azoturia in about four ounce doses eveiy four 
hours. Bicarbonate of soda is used to lessen the irrita- 
tion of itching skin disorders, as nettle-rash and urti- 
caria, one ounce to a quart of water. Also used as an 
injection for leucorrhoea. It is an antidote for acid 
poisoning. 

Doses. — Horses, 2 dr. to 4 oz. ; cattle, 2 dr. to 2 oz.; 
sheep and pigs, 1^ to 1 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr. 

SODII CHLORIDUM— SODIUM CHLORIDE- 
COMMON OR TABLE SALT 

Origin. — INIined in a native state and obtained by 
evaporation of brine, spring or sea water. 

Properties. — It is officially described as in "color- 
less, transparent, cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 151 

powder, odorless and heavy, a purely saline taste." Per- 
manent in dry air. Soluble in two and eight-tenths 
parts of water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in two and a 
half parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol. 

Actions. — Sodium chloride in small doses is a con- 
diment, restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiferment, al- 
terative, laxative, anthelmintic antiseptic emetic for dogs 
and used as an injection for pin worms. 

Animals deprived of salt do not thrive as it is an 
essential constituent of food necessary to the composi- 
tion of HCl in the gastric juice, and of blood plasma, 
from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. As 
an emetic for dogs one to four drams of salt, and one 
dram of powdered mustard dissolved in four ounces of 
tepid water. Common salt as an eye-wash is a tonic to 
the eyes; one dram to a pint of water. Feed animals 
refined salt, as rocksalt contains irritating properties 
due to its great impurity. A cooling and stimulating 
lotion for sprains and bruises may be made by dissolving 
two ounces of common salt, nitrate of potash and chlo- 
ride of ammonia in a quart of water. 

Use pure cooking salt in 7ioi'm.al salt solution, which 
contains six of one per cent (about fifty grains to a 
pint) , or may be made at once by adding a heaping tea- 
spoonful of pure salt into a quart of sterilized water at 
a temperature of 100° to 110° F. In cases of azoturia 
give plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse 
thirsty and causes him to drink water freely and flushes 
the kidneys. 

Dose. — Horse, l/o to 1 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep, 
2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. These 
doses are stomachic alterative; when used for cattle as a 
cathartic and vermifuge give 10 to 20 ounces in water, 
usually combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate. 

SODII SULPHAS— SODIUM SULPHATE- 
GLAUBER'S SALTS 
Origin. — Sodium sulphate effloresces on the soil in 
various parts of Europe. It also exists in solution in 
many mineral springs in the United States. Sodium 



152 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

sulphate is also produced artificially in several chemi- 
cal operations. 

Properties. — Sodium sulphate is in large, colorless, 
transparent, monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals; 
odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. It effloresces 
rapidly in the air, and finally loses all its water of 
crystalization. Soluble in three parts of water at the 
temperature of 59° F., insoluble in alcohol, soluble in 
glycerine. 

Actions. — Saline cathartic, chologogue, hepatic 
stimulant, slightly diuretic and febrifuge. When the 
effects of a hepatic stimulant is required it should be 
given in small repeated doses. 

Uses. — It is advantageously used as a cathartic in 
congestion of the liver, in small repeated doses, also use- 
ful in dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where 
the liver is involved; tetanus and febrile diseases, where 
the bowels are apt to be constipated. Give two to four 
ounces in a bucket of water. It is successfully used in 
itching skin diseases in full doses combined with bicar- 
bonate of soda two to four ounces. 

Doses. — As a cathartic, well diluted in water at 
about 59° r.; horses, 16 to 24 ounces; cattle, 1 to 2 
pounds; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 ounces. Where repeti- 
tion is necessary tlie dose should be reduced one-eighth 
of the above. Best results are obtained when admin- 
istered with capsicum or ginger, as it prevents griping 
and assists its action. 

SODII THIOSULPHAS — SODIUM THIOSUL- 
PHATE— SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE 

Origin. — Sodium hyposulphite is prepared by dis- 
solving sulphur in boiling aqueous solution of sodimn 
sulphite. 

Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic 
prisms; odorless and having a cooling, afterwards bitter 
taste. Permanent in air 91.4° F., but efflorescent in 
dry air above that temperature; slightly deliquescent in 
moist air. Soluble in about 0.35 parts of water at 77° 



ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE 153 

F. At boiling heat the solution is rapidly decomposed ; 
insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in turpentine. 

Actions. — Sodium hyposulphite is an antiseptic, 
deodoriser and insecticide. In the presence of acids, 
without and also within the body, it gives off sulphurous 
acid, which it therefore resembles. It is thought to 
destroy ferments and bacteria, and removes offensive 
smells. Its properties are greatly increased when used 
along with the tar acids. When standing long in con- 
tact with water the sulphite decomposes and gives off 
hydrogen sulphide. 

Uses. — Sodium hyposulphite is recommended in in- 
digestion, fermentation, flatulence and foul smelling 
feces and in general septic conditions, but have proven as 
useless as most other medicines in their latter stages. 
It is used externally in parasitic affections of the skin 
and mouth in the form of an ointment or solution. 

Doses. — Horses and cattle, l/o to li/G ozs. ; sheep 
and pigs, % to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. 

SPIRITUS AETHERIS NITROSI— SPIRIT OF 

NITROUS ETHER— SWEET SPIRITS 

OF NITER 

An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrate, yielding when 
freshly prepared not less than four per cent of ethyl 
nitrate. 

Derivative. — JNIix sulphuric acid ( 40 c. c. ) with wa- 
ter (120 c. c.) , cool and add alcohol and water each, (85 
c. c.) and place in (1000 c. c.) flask surrounded by ice 
and water. Dissolve sodium nitrate (100 gm.) in water 
(285 c. c), filter and allow filtrate to drop slowly into 
the flask above. Wash ethyl nitrate formed with so- 
dium carbonate solution, to remove acid, and agitate 
with potassium carbonate, to remove water. All ethyl- 
nitrate to 22 times its weight of alcohol. 

Properties. — A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable 
liquid, of a pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, 
having a fragrant ethereal and pungent odor, free from 
acidity, and a sharp burning taste. Mixes freely with 
water and alcohol. 



154 



VETERINAUY MEDICINES 



Doses as a Stimulant and Antispasmodic. — 
Horses, 1 to 3 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 4 ozs. ; sheep, 2 to 4 dr. ; 
pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. As a febrifuge and 
diuretic horses take from 4 dr. to 1 oz. ; 4 dr. is sufficient 
as a rule every two, three or four hours, usually com- 
bined with other medicines for all of its purposes, in 
fever and colic cases. 

Actions. — Spirit of nitrous ether conjoins the ac- 
tion of the alcohol and ethyl nitrite of which it consists. 
It is hence a general stimulant and a relaxer and para- 
lyzer of non-striped muscle. It relieves acute fever and 
the difficult breathing of bronchitis and asthma. It is 
antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Large doses 
are narcotic. 

Uses. — Consisting of strong spirit and a saline ether, 
when swallowed it stimulates the stomach and intes- 
ties; is hence stomachic, carminative and antispasmodic, 
and is prescribed to animals in indigestion, tympanites, 
colic and convalescence from debilitating disorders. 
But its properties as a diffusible nitrite, relaxing spasm 
of involuntary muscles, also come into operation. It 
dilates arterioles, thus decreases arterial tension, and 
hence is of special value in the acute stages of fever, 
whether depending upon specific conditions or local in- 
flammation. It relaxes the muscular fibers of the bron- 
chial tubes, and thus relieves the spasmodic contraction 
and difficulty of breathing, which characterise catarrh, 
bronchitis and some forms of asthma. It is specially 
indicated when the heart action is weak and there is 
difficulty of breathing — conditions frequently concur- 
ring in influenza of horses. During excretion, notably 
by the skin and kidneys, its twofold constitution is fur- 
ther useful as the alcohol stimulates secretion, while the 
ethyl nitrate dilates the lumen of contracted vessels, 
and thus dia])horesis and diuresis are promoted in fevers, 
local inflammations, rheumatism and other disorders. 
As it is readily decomposed, even by water, it should 
be diluted or mixed with other medicines or water only 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 155 

immediately before it is administered. It is usually 
given in cold water, beer or linseed tea. 

SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS— SPIRIT 

OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE— SPIRIT 

OF GLONOIN 

An alcoholic solution containing one per cent, by 
weight, of nitroglycerine. It is probably decomposed 
in the formation of potassium and sodium nitrite. 

Derivation. — Nitroglycerine is prepared by drop- 
ping pure glycerine upon a mixture of sulphuric and 
nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified by washing 
with water. The official one per cent solution is not 
explosive unless it becomes concentrated by evapora- 
tion to an extent exceeding ten per cent. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, possessing 
the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exer- 
cised in tasting it, since even a small quantity is liable 
to produce violent headache. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, i/o to 1 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 5 to 20 m. ; dogs, 1 to 2 m. It is administered 
hypodermically, intravenously, intracheally or by the 
mouth according to the emergency of the case. For 
hypodermic injections one-half drachm is usually suf- 
ficient and should be diluted with one or two parts of 
water. It may be repeated in 15 or 20 minutes if nec- 
essarj^ then every hour or two if required. Care should 
be exercised not to repeat oftener than is necessary, or 
to give too large a dose as violent headache is produced 
by the drug in animals as well as in man. 

Actions. — Are the same as amyl nitrite, but more 
prolonged. 

Spirit of nitroglycerine is the most prompt and pow- 
erful of all heart stimulants, showing its effects usually 
within three to five minutes. 

Uses. — It is best used in the official solution, but 
for dogs may be carried in tablets or pills containing 
l/lOO of a grain of glonoin. The spirit, however is 
more dependable. It is a good plan in cases of cardiac 



156 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

weakness to brace up the heart with Spirit of Glonoin, 
then maintain the effect with Tincture Strophanthus. 

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM — SUBLIMED SUL- 
PHUR—FLOWERS OF SULPHUR 

Derivation. — Obtained from native sulphur by 
sublimation. 

Properties. — A fine, yellow powder, having a 
slightly characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. In- 
soluble in water; slightly soluble in absolute alcohol; 
more readily soluble in benzine, benzol, oil of turpentine 
and many other oils; also in ether, chloroform and in 
boiling aqueous solutions of alkaline hydrates. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
1 to 2 oz. ; dogs, 1 to 4 dr. 

PREPARATIONS 

SULPHUR LOTUM— WASHED SULPHUR 
Derivation. — Obtained from sublimed sulphur, 
which is treated with diluted ammonia water to wash out 
sulphurous and sulphuric and ether impurities. 

Properties. — A fine, yellow powder, without odor 
or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur. 
Dose. — Same as sublimed sulphur. 

SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM— PRECIPITATED 

SULPHUR 

Derivation. — Obtained from a solution of sublimed 
sulphur, 100; in boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipi- 
tation with hydrochloric acid. 

Properties. — A fine, amorphous powder, of a pale 
yellow color, -without odor or taste. Solubility same as 
sublimed sulphur. 

Dose. — Same as sublimed sulphur. 

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS— SULPHUR 
OINTMENT 

Composed of washed sulphur, 150; benzoinated 
lard, 850. 

Actions. — Sulphur applied to skin or mucous sur- 
faces is a feeble, mechanical stimulant, and hence re- 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 157 

lieves chronic passive congestion. It destroys parasitic 
infestion of the skin. Administered internally it is a 
laxative and alterative. It destroys fungi on vines and 
kills similar parasites affecting plants and animals. 
How much of this toxic effect depends on the sulphur 
acting as sulphur, and how much on the alkaline sul- 
phides, sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid into 
which it is gradually converted, has not heen determined. 
Sulphur when swallowed is slowly acted upon by the 
alkaline secretions of the intestines, and small quantities 
are converted into sulphides, which stimulate the intes- 
tinal mucous membrane. A further change liberates 
sulphuretted hydrogen, which imparts its disagreeable 
smell to the breath, secretions of the skin and bowels. 
The greater part of the sulphur swallowed is removed 
unchanged by the bowels, but a portion is excreted in the 
urine as sulphates. Over-doses given to horses and 
other animals cause colic, purging, prostration and some- 
time fatal gastro-enteritis. 

Uses. — Sulphur is given to the several domestic ani- 
mals as a laxative where more powerful purgatives 
might irritate^as in pregnancy, convalescence from 
acute diseases in young animals, and in piles. 

Its alterative and stimulant effects on the skin have 
led to its use in rheumatism, eczema and cutaneous dis- 
eases. Some veterinarians affirm that it benefits dry 
congested conditions of the respiratory membrane by 
stimulating its epithelial cells and increasing movements 
of the cilia. It has no special vermicide action. Sul- 
phur dusted on the skin slightly stimulates, but when 
dissolved by admixture with an alkali or oil, and smartly 
rubbed in, it more actively stimulates the cells of the 
rete Malpighi and thus hastens desquamation; while it 
also increases contractility of the muscular textures, and 
hence overcomes passive cutaneous hyperaemia. It thus 
promotes a healthier action in chronic eczema and 
psoriases, and in such cases sulphur dressings are used 
with benefit combined or alternated with iodine or tar 
acids, and are aided by the internal use of sulphur and 



158 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

arsenic. Infriction of sulphur ointment is stated to re- 
lieve the pain of rheumatic muscles and joints. Sul- 
phurous gas from burning sulphur is used for husk or 
hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which 
worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus 
micrurus in calves and strongjdus filaria in sheep. The 
patients are placed in a loose box and sulphur is burned 
about six feet away from them, so that air may dilute 
the fumes before being inhaled by the animals ; let them 
inliale the fumes for ten or twenty minutes or longer, 
unless irritation is too great. 

TARAXACUM— DANDELION ROOT 

The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum officinale, 
collected in the autumn. 

Habitat. — United States and Europe. 

Properties. — The root is about six to twelve inches 
long-, half an inch to an inch thick, is dark brown ex- 
ternally and white within. It breaks with a short frac- 
ture; from the fractured surface a milky juice exudes, 
which is inodorous, but has a bitter taste. 

Constituents. — Taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, cryst- 
alline substance; inulin, taraxacerin, resin causing milky 
juice, asparagin of no medical value. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and pigs, 
2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr. 

PREPARATIONS 

EXTRACTUM TARAXACI— EXTRACT OF 
TARAXACUM 
Made by percolation of powdered taraxacum with 
alcohol and water, and evaporation. 

Dose.^ — Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 
30 gr. to 1 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI— FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM 
Made by maceration and percolation with dilute al- 
cohol, and evaporation. 



ACTIONS J USES AND DOSE 159 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and 
pigs, 2 to 4 dr. ; dogs, 1 to 2 dr. 

Action and Uses. — Taraxacum is a simple stom- 
achic and bitter and may be employed in place of gen- 
tian or calumba. It has been generally taught that 
taraxacum is a hepatic stimulant and increases the se- 
cretion of bile. This has been proven valueless. The 
extract is often used as a base in preparing masses. 

ZINGIBER— GINGER 

The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officiale. 

Habitat. — East and West Indies and India; cul- 
tivated in tropical climates. 

Properties. — Ginger owes its taste to a pungent 
resin, its aroma to a volatile oil, and its medicinal and 
flavoring properties to both constituents, which are 
chiefly found in the delicate felted layer lying between 
the starchy, mealy parenchyma and the brown, horny, 
external covering. 

Dose. — Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 4 oz. ; sheep 
and pigs, 1 to 2 dr. ; dogs, 5 to 15 gr. 

PREPARATIONS 

FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS— FLUID- 
EXTRACT OF GINGER 

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, 
and evaporated so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude 
drug. 

Dose. — Same as for ginger. 

TINCTURE ZINGIBERIS— TINCTURE OF 
GINGER 

Made by percolation of ginger with alcohol and 
water. 

Dose. — Horses, l/o to 2 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 4 oz. ; sheep, 
2 dr. to 1 oz.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 m. 

OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS— OLEORESIN OF 

GINGER 

Does. — Horses, 30 m. to 1^4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 m. 
Action and Uses. — Ginger is an aromatic stimu- 



160 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

lant, and is used as a stomachic and carminative for all 
animals, notably for cattle and sheep. Ginger is ad- 
ministered internally, promotes gastric secretion, diges- 
tion and appetite. It is prescribed in atonic dyspepsia, 
often along with antacids and laxatives. Conjoined 
with purgatives it diminishes their tendency to nauseate 
and gripe, and also somewhat hastens their effects. The 
powder or fluidextract should be added to magnesium 
and sodium sulphate when given in full purgative doses 
to cattle or sheep. 

ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS— ZINC SULPHO- 
CARBOLATE 

Derivation. — Zinc sulphocarbolate may be obtained 
by heating a mixture of phenol and sulphuric acid and 
saturating the product with zinc oxide. 

Properties. — ^Colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms 
or tabular crystals; odorless and having an astringent, 
metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; foals and 
calves,, 5 to 10 gr. ; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr. ; dogs, 
4 to 6 gr. 

Action and Uses. — Zinz sul])hocarbolate has been 
employed as an antiseptic astringent stimulant to indo- 
lent or foul wounds, and in subacute inflammations of 
the mucous membrane. The solution used m.ay be a 
little stronger than those of zinc sulphate employed for 
similar purposes. It is also used as an intestinal anti- 
septic. 

ZINCI SULPHAS— ZINC SULPHATE 
Derivation. — Prepared by dissolving zinc in sul- 
phuric acid. Iron and tin exist as impurities and are 
removed by chlorine solution and zinc carbonate. 

Properties. — A colorless, transparent, rhombic 
crystal, without odor and having an astringent, metallic 
taste. Efflorescent in dry air; soluble in water and 
glycerine; insoluble in alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr. ; sheep and pigs, 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 161 

10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 2 to 3 gr. As an emetic for dogs, 
10 to 15 gr. 

AcTioxs. — Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic 
and nerve tonic. Externally it is used as stimulant, 
astringent and antiseptic; in dogs it is a prompt and 
efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both on 
the stomach nerve centers; poisonous or long continued 
large doses in the horse dr^^ up the secretions, cause 
nausea, colic and efforts to vomit ; dogs cannot be pois- 
oned by it as it causes vomiting. 

Uses. — As a tonic it is inferior to iron; chief use is 
externall}^ as an astringent; it is used in white lotion 
combined with lead acetate; sometimes used internally 
with opium to stop excessive sweating in frequent small 
doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and 
pigs. 

Externally in solution as an astringent and stimu- 
lant for wounds, ulcers, simple ophthalmia and irritable 
conditions of the mucous membrane of the uterus or 
vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant skin erup- 
tions. Proper strength, one ounce to one quart of wa- 
ter in ophthalmia, one-half to one draclim to one pint 
of water. 

ZINCI CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS — PRE- 
CIPITATED ZINC CARBONATE 

Derivation. — Solutions of nearly equal weight of 
sodium carbonate and zinc sulphate are boiled together; 
dry precipitate. This salt is in reality a mixture of zinc 
carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions, with water 
of crystallization. 

Pboperties. — An impalpable white powder, of 
somewhat variable chemical composition, without odor 
or taste; insoluble in water or alcohol. 

ZINCI OXIDUM— ZINC OXIDE 

Derivation. — Zinc oxide, may be prepared by ex- 
posing zinc carbonate to a dull red heat, or from metallic 
zinc by combustion. 



162 VETERINARY MEDICINES 

Properties. — An amorphous, white powder without 
odor or taste. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Dose. — Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and 
pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 5 to 10 gr. Not much used in- 
ternally. 

PREPARATIONS 

UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDE— OINTMENT OF 
ZINC OXIDE 

Composed of zinc oxide, 200 parts; benzoinated lard, 
800 parts. 

Actions and Uses. — Used chie% as a dusting pow- 
der for wounds and excoriated surfaces; used alone or 
conjoined with boric acid, subnitrate of bismuth, calomel 
or in the form of the zinc oxide ointment is desiccant, 
mildly astringent and protective; it is sometimes used in 
chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases; to check 
excessive sweating and in diarrhoea. Used extensively 
in woimds and diseases of the cow's udder. 

ZINCI ACETAS— ZINC ACETATE 

Derivation. — Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic 
acid and boil. Evaporate and crystallize. 

Properties.— Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, 
of a pearly lustre, having a faintly acedious odor and an 
astringent metallic taste. Soluble in water and in al- 
cohol. 

Dose. — Same as zinc sulphate. 

Action and Uses. — The same as zinc sulphate; it is 
the acetate of zinc which is the soluble agent in white 
lotion, caused by the acetate of lead and sulphate of zinc 
changing their composition. 

ZINCI CHLORIDUM— ZINC CHLORIDE 

Derivation. — Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by 
boiling. The solution contains the zinc chloride with 
chlorides of iron and lead as impurities. These are pre- 
cipitated by adding first nitric acid then zinc carbonate. 
Filter and finallv evaporate. 



ACTIONS^ USES AND DOSE 163 

Properties. — A white, granular powder, or porce- 
lain-like masses, irregular or moulded into pencils ; odor- 
less; of such intensely caustic properties as to make tast- 
ing dangerous unless the salt be dissolved in much water, 
when it has an astringent, metallic taste; very deli- 
quescent; soluble in water and alcohol. 

LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDE — SOLUTION OF 
ZINC CHLORIDE 

Derivation. — Made from zinc chloride and water. 
It should contain about 50 per cent, by weight, of the 
salt. Zinc chloride is used externally only. 

Properties. — A clear, colorless, liquid, odorless, 
having a very astringent, metallic taste. 

Action and Uses. — Is caustic and escharotic, used 
full strength or in a strong solution; penetrates very 
deeply and causes deep sloughing; an irritant and cor- 
rosive poison; mild medical solutions are antiseptic and 
astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Can be 
used as a caustic when indicated ; used with caution, for 
granulations in chronic ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to 
slough out all kinds of fistula, usually mixed with one or 
two parts of flour made into a paste with water, two 
ounces in a pint of water is injected as a caustic into 
fistulous tracts; two or three per cent solution or two 
to four drachms to the pint of water is used for ordinary 
astringent purposes and as a parasiticide. 



164 



VETERINAUY MEDICINES 



VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR 
DOMESTIC ANIMALS 

In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, 
lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop. 



Name of Drug 



Cattle 



Sheep 



Horses 



Hogg 



Dogs 



Alcohol 

Alum 

Ammonia Aromatic. 

Aniseed 

Arnica Tincture. . . . 
Asafetida Tincture. . 

Boracic Acid 

Brandy 

Calomel 

Camphor Spirit 

Carbolic Acid 

Castor Oil 

Chalk 

Codliver Oil 

Copperas 

Copper Sulphate. . . . 

Digitalis 

Epsom Salts 

Fowler's Solution. . . 

Gentian 

Ginger 

Glauber Salts 

Iodide of Potash. . . . 

Iron Sulphate 

Jamaica Ginger 

Laudanum 

Lead Acetate 

Lime Water 

Linseed Oil 

Mustard 

Nitre 

Nux Vomica 

Olive Oil 

Pepper 

Potassium Bromide. 

Quinine 

Rhubarb 

Saltpeter 

Soda 

Sulphur 

Turpentine 



4 oz. 
3-4 dr. 

2oz. 
1-5 oz. 

1 oz. 

3 oz. 

3 dr. 

4 oz. 
1-2 dr. 

1 oz. 
1-2 dr. 

1 pt. 

2 oz. 
3-8 oz. 

2 dr. 

2-4 dr. 

10-30 gr. 

1 lb. 

5 dr. 
5-8 dr. 
5-8 dr. 

1-1.5 lb. 
1-2 dr. 

2 dr. 
2 oz. 

2-5 oz. 

1 dr. 

4-6 oz. 

1-2 pt. 

1 oz. 
.3-8 oz. 

2 dr. 
1-2 pt. 
2-4 dr. 

2 oz. 
1-2 dr. 
1-2 oz. 
1-3 dr. 

2 oz. 
3-4 oz. 

2 oz. 



1-2 oz. 

40 gr. 

1-2 dr. 

1-2 dr. 

2 dr. 

.5 oz. 

20 gr. 

1-2 oz. 
5-20 gr. 

2 dr. 
10-20 dp. 

2-4 oz. 

1-2 dr. 

3-8 dr. 

20 gr. 
20-30 gr. 
5-15 gr. 

1-4 oz. 
5-20 dp. 

1-2 dr. 

1-2 dr. 

1-4 dr. 
10-25 gr. 

25 gr. 

.5 oz. 

1-4 dr. 

25 gr. 
2 oz. 

6-12 oz. 

1-2 dr. 

1 dr. 

30-40 gr. 

3-8 dr. 
15-25 gr. 

2-4 dr. 

5-10 gr. 
1 dr. 

.5-1 dr. 

2-4 dr. 

1-2 oz. 

1-4 dr. 



2-4 oz. 
2-4 dr. 
1-2 oz. 

1 oz. 
.5-1 oz. 

2 oz. 
1-3 dr. 
2-4 oz. 

1 dr. 
2-4 dr. 
.5-2 dr. 

1 pt. 
.5-2 oz. 
2-6 oz. 

1 dr. 
2-4 dr. 
10-50 gr. 
.5-1 lb. 
2-4 dr. 
4-8 dr. 
2-8 dr. 
.5-1 lb. 
.5-2 dr. 
1-2 dr. 

1 oz. 
1-4 oz. 

1 dr. 
4-6 oz. 
.5-1 pt. 
.5-1 oz. 
1-2 oz. 
1-2 dr. 
1-2 pt. 
1-3 dr. 
1-2 oz. 
50-60 gr. 
1-2 oz. 
2-4 dr. 
1-1.5 oz 
2-4 oz. 
1-2 oz. 



1-2 oz. 

40 gr. 

1-2 dr. 

1 dr. 

1 dr. 

2 dr. 
15 gr. 
1-2 oz. 

5-20 gr. 

15 dp. 
5-15 dp. 

2-4 oz. 
1 dr. 

2-6 dr. 

10 gr. 
20-30 gr. 
3-10 gr. 

1 oz. 
5-20 dp. 

1-2 dr. 
15-60 gr. 

1 oz. 
5-20 gr. 

25 gr. 

.5-1 dr. 

1-2 dr. 

20 gr. 

2 oz. 
5-10 oz. 

1-2 dr. 

1 dr. 

10-20 gr. 

2-6 dr. 

10-20 gr. 

2-4 dr. 

5-10 gr. 

1 dr. 
.5-1 dr. 
1-3 dr. 
1-2 oz. 

1 dr. 



1-4 dr. 

15 gr. 

20-60 dp. 

15 gr. 

7-20 dp. 

1 dr. 

8gr. 

1-2 dr. 

1 gr. 
10 dp. 
3-8 dp. 
1-2 dr. 
.5-1 dr. 
1-3 dr. 

4gr. 
1-2 gr. 

2 gr. 
1-4 dr. 
1-5 dp. 

40 gr. 

5-20 gr. 

1-4 dr. 

2-8 gr. 

4 gr. 

H-'A dr. 

20 dp. 

1-2 gr. 

1-8 dr. 
1 oz. 

20 gr. 
5-20 gr. 

1-2 gr. 

2-4 oz. 
4-10 gr. 
5-50 gr. 

1-2 gr. 
5-10 gr. 
2-10 gr. 
20-50 gr. 

1-4 dr. 
20-50 dp. 



INDEX 



Abbreviations in Prescription 

Writing 24 

Absolute Alcohol 36 

Acetate of Lead 131 

Acetate of Morphine Ii23 

Acetate of Potassium 133 

Acetate of Zinc 162 

Acid Arcenous 58 

Acid Benzoicum 67 

Acid, Boric 25 

Acid Boricum 25 

Acid, Carbolic 26 

Acid, Carbolic 26 

Acid, Salicylic 28 

Acidum Arsenosum 58 

Acidumi Carbolicum 26 

Acidum Carbolicum Crudum 26 

Acidum Salicylicum 28 

Aconite, Fluidextract 31 

Aconite, Tincture 31 

Aconite 29 

Aconitum 29 

Aconitina 31 

Aconitine 31 

Actions of Iron 93 

Adeps Benzoinatus 66 

Administration of Medicines. 20 

Aether 33 

Aloe Barbadensis 41 

Aloe Socotrina 41 

Aloes Barbadoes 41 

Alcohol 35 

Alcohol Absolutum 36 

Alkaloidal Salts of Chichona 84 

Aloin 42 

Aloinum 42 

Alum 44 

Alum, Dried 44 

Alumen 44 

Alumen Exsiccatum 44 

Alumini Hydroxidum 44 

Alumini Sulphas 45 

Aluminum Hydroxide 44 

Aluminum, Sulphate 45 

Ammonia Aromatic Spirit.. 51 

Ammonia Liniment 53 

Ammonia Muriate 54 

Ammonia Spiritus 50 

Ammonia Stronger Water... 50 

Ammonia Water ''iO 

Ammonii Benzoas 67 



Ammonii Carbonas 52 

Ammonii Chloridium 54 

Ammonium Acetate Solution 52 

Ammonium Benzoate 67 

Ammonium Carbonate 52 

Amyl Nitrate 46 

Anesthesia 79 

Anise 47 

Anise Oil 47 

Anisum 47 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartars 48 

Antipyrin 40 

Antipyrina 49 

Anylis Nitris 46 

Antimony and Potassium 

Tartrate 48 

Apomorphine Hydrochloride. 127 
Apomorphine Hydrochlori- 

dum 127 

Aqua Ammoniac 50 

Aqua Ammoniac Fortior.. . 50 

Aqua Camphorae 71 

Aqua Chloroformi 77 

Arcenous Acid 58 

Argenti Nitras Fusus 55 

Argenti Nitras 54 

Argcnte Nitras Mitigatus... 55 

Arnica 56 

Arnica Root, Extract 56 

Arnica Root, Fluidextract... 56 

Arnicae 56 

Aromatic Fluidextract of 

Cascara Sagrada 146 

Aromatic Spirit Ammonia... 51 
Aromatic Tincture of Rhu- 
barb 147 

Arseni Trioxidum 58 

Arsenic 57 

Arsenic Troxide 58 

Arsenic, White 58 

Arsenum 57 

Art of Prescribing 22-23 

Aspidium 61 

Atropinae Sulphas 64 

Barbadoes Aloes 41 

Belladonna Extract 63 

Belladonna Leaves 62 

Belladonna Liniment 64 

Belladonna Ointment 63 

Belladonna Radix 63 

Belladonna Root 63 



Belladonna Tincture 63 

Belladonnae Folia 62 

Benzoate of Ammonia 67 

Benzoate of Soda 67 

Benzoic Acid 67 

Benzoin 66 

Benzoin Tincture 67 

Benzoinated Lard 66 

Benzoinum 66 

Bicarbonate of Potassium. .136 

Bicarbonate of Soda 150 

Biniodide of Mercury 102 

Bi-Chloride of Mercury 99 

Bitartrate of Potassium 141 

Bitter Wood 143 

Black Mustard 148 

Blister Beetles 74 

Blue Stone 88 

Blue Vitriol 88 

Boracic Acid 25 

Boric Acid 25 

Brandy 37 

Bromide of Potassium 134 

Bromide of Sodium 134 

Calamus 68 

Calamus Fluidcxtract 68 

Calcium Oxide 69 

California Buckthorn 145 

Calomel 101 

Calumba 69 

Calumba Fluidextract 70 

Calumba Tincture 70 

Calx C9 

Camphor 71 

Camphor Cerate 72 

Camphor Liniment 72 

Camphor Water 71 

Camphora 71 

Camphora Monobromata. ... 72 

Camphorated Oil 72 

Camphorated Tincture of 

Opium 121 

Cantharis 74 

Cantharrides 74 

Cantharides Tincture 74 

Capsicum 75 

Capsicum Fluidextract 76 

Capsicum Oleoresin 76 

Capsicum Tincture 76 

Carbolic Acid 26 

Carbolic Acid, Crude 26 

Carbonate of Ammonia 52 

Carbonate of Potassium ... .135 

Carron Oil 69 

Cascara Sagrada 145 

Castor Oil 115 

Catechu 97 

Caustic Potash 136 



Cayenne Pepper 75 

Cerate of Camphor 72 

Ceratum Camphorae 72 

Chalk Mixture 87 

Chalk, Prepared 86 

Chichona 83 

Chichona Alkaloids 84 

Ether 81 

Chittem Bark 145 

Chlorate of Potassium 140 

Chloride of Iron 93 

Chloride of Mercury, Mild.. 101 

Chloride of Sodium 150 

Chloride of Zinc 162 

Chloroform 77 

Chloroform Compared with 

Chloroform Emulsum 78 

Chloroform Liniment 77 

Chloroform Spirits 78 

Chloroform Water 77 

Chloroformum 77 

Citrate of Potassium 133 

Cocaine Hydrochloride 85 

Cocainae Hydrochloridum . . . 85 

Cod Liver Oil 114 

Codeina 123 

Codeine 123 

Comparison of Ether with 

Chloroform 81 

Compound Chalk Powder.... 87 
Compound Powder of Jalap. 145 
Compound Powder Rhubarb. 146 
Compound Spirit of Ether... 34 
Compound Si)irit of Juniper. 37 
Compound Tincture of Ben- 
zoin 67 

Compound Tincture of Gen- 
tian 99 

Compound Tincture of Gam- 

bir 97 

Copper Sulphate 88 

Copperas 91 

Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 99 

Corrosive Sublimate 99 

Cosmoline 128 

Cotton Seed Oil 115 

Cream of Tartar 1 tl 

Creta Praeparata 86 

Cretae Mistura 87 

Cretae Pulvis Compositus . . . 87 

Croton Oil 118 

Crude Carbolic Acid 26 

Cupri Sulphas 88 

Diacetvlmorphine 123 

Dandelion Root . 158 

Digitalein 89 

Digitalin 89 

Digitalis 88 



Digitalis Infusion 90 

Digitalis Extract 89 

Digitalis Fluidextract 90 

Digitalis Tincture 90 

Digitonin 89 

Digitoxin 89 

Deodorized Opium 122 

Donovan's Solution 59 

Dover's Liquid Powder 121 

Dover's Powder 121 

Doses for Young Animals. 21-22 
Dose Table of Valuable 

Drugs 164 

Dried Ferrus Sulphate 91 

Emulsion of Chloroform.... 78 

Epsom Salts 109 

Ether 33 

Ether Compared with Chlor- 
oform, 81 

Ether, Pure 33 

Extract of Arnica Root 56 

Extract of Belladonna 

Leaves 63 

Extract of Digitalis 89 

Extract of Gentian 98 

Extract of Nux Vomica Ill 

Extract of Opium 121 

Extract of Quassia 143 

Extract of Taraxacum 158 

Extractum Arnicae Raicis... 56 
Extractum Belladonnae Fo- 

liorum 63 

Extractum Digitalis 89 

Extractum Gentianae 98 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae.. Ill 

Extractum Opii 121 

Extractum Quassiae 143 

Extractum Tarxaci 158 

Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus. 92 

Ferri Chloridum 92 

Ferri Sulphas 91 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. . . . 91 

Ferric Chloride 92 

Ferrous Sulphate 91 

Ferrum Reductum 91 

Flaxseed 107 

Fluidextract of Aconite 31 

Fluidextract of Arnica Root. 56 
Fluidextract of Belladonna 

Root 63 

Fluidextract Calamus 68 

Fluidextract of Calumba 70 

Fluidextract of Capsicum. ... 76 

Fluidextract of Dip-italis 90 

Fluidextract of Gentian 98 

Fluidextract of Ginger lb'.) 

Fluidextract of Hydrastis ... 104 
Fluidextract Nux Vomica... Ill 



Fluidextract of Quassia 143 

Fluidextract of Rhamnus 

Purshiana 145 

Fluidextract of Rhubarb. ... 146 
Fluidextract of Taraxacum. . 158 

Fluidextractum Aconiti 31 

Fluidextractum Arnicae Ra- 

dicis 56 

Fluidextractum Belladonnae 

Radicis 63 

Fluidextractum Calumbae... 70 

Fluidextractum Calami 68 

Fluidextractum Capsici 76 

Fluidextractum Digitalis.... 90 
Fluidextractum of Gentianae. 98 
Fluidextractum Hydrastis . . . 104 
Fluidextractum Nucis Vom- 
icae Ill 

Fluidextractum Quassiae .... 143 
Fluidextractum Rhamni Pur- 
shiana 146 

Fluidextractum Rhamni Pur- 
shiana Aromaticum 145 

Fluidextractum Rhei 146 

Fluidextractum Taraxaci 158 

Fluidetxractum Zingiberis.. .159 

Fowler's Solution 58 

Foxglove 88 

Gambir 97 

Gambir Tincture Comoound. 97 

Gamboge 70 

Gambogia 70 

General Actions of Medicines 

5-19 

Gentian 98 

Gentian Extract 98 

Gentian Fluidextract 98 

Gentian Tincture Compound. 99 

Gentiana 98 

Ginger 159 

Ginger Fluidextract 150 

Ginger Oleoresin 159 

Ginger Tincture 159 

Glauber's Salts 151 

Glycerite of Boroglycerin. . . 25 

Glycerite Hydrastis 104 

Glyceritum Boroglycerin.... 25 

Glyceritum Hydrastis 104 

Golden Zeal 103 

Goulard's Extract 132 

Green Vitriol 91 

Gregory's Powder 146 

Gum Camphor 71 

Heroin 123 

Hoffman's Anodyne 34 

Hydrate of Turpin 117 

Hydrastine Hydrochloride. .104 
Hydrastis 103 



Hydrastis Fluidextract 104 

Hydrastis Glycerite 104 

Hydrastis Tincture 104 

Hydrargyri Oxiduni Flavum.103 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Cor- 

rosivum 09 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Nite.lOl 
Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum 102 
Hydrastinae Hydrochlori- 

dum 104 

Hydroxide of Potassium .... 136 
Hyposulphite of Sodium ... .152 
Hydroxide of Aluminum.... 44 

Infusion of Digitalis 90 

Infusum Digitalis 90 

Iodide of Mercury (Red).... 102 

Iodide of Potassium 137 

Iodine 105 

lodum 105 

Ipecac and Opium 121 

Iron Actions 93 

Iron Chloride 92 

Iron Reduced 91 

Jalap 141 

Jalap Compound Powder ... .145 

Jalapa Ii4 

Jalapa Resina 144 

Jalap Resin 144 

Lard Benzoinated 66 

Laudanum 121 

Lead Acetate 131 

Lead Oxide 131 

Lime 69 

Lime Liniment 09 

Liniment, Ammonia 52 

Liniment Belladonna 64 

Liniment Chloroform 77 

Liniment Soap 72 

Liniment of Turpentine 117 

Linimentum Ammoniac .... 52 
Linimentum Belladonnae ... 04 

Linimentum Calcis 69 

Linimentum Camphorae 72 

Linimentum Saponis 72 

Linimentum Terbinthinae.. . .117 

Linseed 107 

Linseed Oil 107 

Linum 107 

Liquid Dover's Powder 121 

Liquid Petrolatum 128 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis... 52 
Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri 

lodidi 59 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi 93 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. . . 93 
Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. . 132 
Liquor Potassii Arsentis.... 58 
Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. .137 



Liquor Zinci Chloride 163 

Lithii Benzoas 67 

Lithium Benzoate 67 

Lunar Caustic 55 

Male Fern 61 

Magnesii Sulphas 109 

Magnesium Sulphate 109 

Medicines, General Actions. 5-19 
Medicines, Administration... 20 

Mercury Bi-Chloride 99 

Mercury Oxide (Yellow) . . . .103 
Methods of Administering 

Medicines 20 

Mild Mercurous Chloride 101 

Mitigated Silver Nitrate 55 

Monkshood 29 

Monobromated Camphor.... 72 

Monsels' Solution 93 

Morphina 122 

Morphine 122 

Morphinae Acetas 123 

Morphinae Hydrochoridum . 122 

Morphinae Sulphas 123 

Morphine Acetate 123 

Morphine Hydrochloride. . . . 122 

Morphine Sulphate 123 

Moulded Silver Nitrate 55 

Muriate of Ammonia 54 

Mustard, Black 148 

Mustard Oil 148 

Mustard, White 148 

Naphthalene 110 

Naphthalenum 110 

Nitrate of Potassium 139 

Nitrate of Silver 54 

Niter 139 

Nitrite Amyl 46 

Nux Vomica 110 

Nux Vomica Extract Ill 

Nux Vomica Fluidextract ... HI 

Nux Vomica Tincture 112 

Oil of Anise 47 

Oil Camphorated 72 

Oil Carron 69 

Oil of Castor 115 

Oil of Cod Liver 114 

Oil of Cotton Seed 115 

Oil of Croton US 

Oil of Linseed 107 

Oil of Mustard 148 

Oil, Olive 114 

Oil, Sweet 114 

Oil of Turpentine, Rectified. 117 

Oil of Tar 130 

Ointment of Tar 130 

Ointment of Zinc Oxide.... 163 

Oleum Anisi 47 

Oleoresin Aspidium 62 



Oleoresin Capsicum 76 

Oleoresin Male Fern 62 

Oleoresina Aspidi 62 

Oleoresina Zingiberis 159 

Oleoresina Capsici 76 

Olemum Gossipii Seminis. . .115 

Oleum Lini 107 

Oleum Morrhuae 114 

Oleum, Olivae 114 

Oleum Pisis Liquidae 130 

Oleum Ricini 115 

Oleum Sinapis Volatile 148 

Oleum Terebinthinae 116 

Oleum Terebinthinae Recti- 

ficatum 117 

Olive Oil 114 

Oil of Turpentine 116 

Olrum Tiglii 118 

Opii Pulvis.. 120 

Opium 120 

Opium Deodoratum 123 

Opium Extract 121 

Opium and Ipecac 121 

Opium, Powdered 120 

Opium Tincture 121 

Opium Tincture, Campho- 
rated 121 

Opium and Wine 122 

Oxide of Lead 131 

Oxide of Zinc KU 

Paregoric 121 

Pepper, Cayenne 75 

Pepper, Red 75 

Permangante of Potash 142 

Petrolatum 128 

Petrolatum Album 129 

Petrolatum Liquidum 128 

Petrolatum White 129 

Phenol 26 

Phenyl Salicylate 29 

Phenylis Salicylas 29 

Pix Liquida 130 

Plumbi Acetas 131 

Plumbi Oxidum 131 

Potassii Acetas 183 

Potassii Citras 133 

Potassii Bicarbonas 136 

Potassii Bitartras 141 

Potassii Bromidum 134 

Potassii Carbonas 135 

Potassii Chloras 140 

Potassii Hydroxium 136 

Potassii lodidum 137 

Potassii Nitras 139 

Potassii Permanganas 142 

Potassium Acetate 133 

Potassium Bicarbonate 136 

Potassium Bitartrate Itl 



Potassium Bromide 134 

Potassium Carbonate 135 

Potassium Chlorate 140 

Potassium Citrate 133 

Potassium Hydroxide 136 

Potassium Hydroxide Solu- 
tion 137 

Potassium Iodide 137 

Potassium Nitrate 139 

Potassium Permangante 142 

Precipitated Sulphur 156 

Precipitated Zinc Carbonate. 161 

Prepared Chalk 86 

Prescribing, the Art of 22-23 

Prescription Writing, Abbre- 
viations 24 

Prescription Writing Tables. 21 
Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii.121 

Quaker Button no 

Qussia 143 

Quassia Extract 113 

Quassia Fluidextract 1 ts 

Quassia Tincture 144 

Quininae et ureae Hydro- 

chloridum 85 

Quininae Sulphas 84 

Quinine Sulphate 84 

Quinine and Urea Hydro- 
chloride 85 

Rectified Oil of Turpentine. 117 

Red Iodide of Mercury 102 

Red Wine 38 

Reduced Iron 91 

Red Penper 75 

Resin of Talap l 14 

Resina Jalapa 144 

Rhamnus Purshiana 145 

Rheum 146 

Rhubarb 146 

Rhubarb Compound Powder. 146 

Rhubarb Fluidextract 146 

Rum 38 

Saccliarated Ferrous Carbon- 
ate 92 

Sal Ammoniac 54 

Salicin 147 

Salicinum 147 

Salicylas Sodium 28 

Salicylic Acid 28 

Salol 29 

Saltpeter v.iO 

Salts (Epsom) 109 

Salts of Tartar 135 

Silver Nitrate 54 

Sinapis Alba 148 

Sinapis Nigra 148 

Soap Liniment 72 

Socotrine Aloes 41 



Sodii Bromidum 134 

Sodii Chloriduni 150 

Sodii Salicylas 28 

Sodii Sulphas 151 

Sodii Thiosulphas 152 

Sodium, Salicylas 28 

Sodium Benzoate 67 

Sodium Bicarbonate 150 

Sodium Bromide 134 

Sodium Chloride 150 

Sodium Sulphate 151 

Sodium Thiosulphate 152 

Sodoa Benzoas 67 

Solution of Ammonia Acetate 52 
Solution of Ferri Chloride... 93 
Solution of Ferric Subsul- 

phate 93 

Solution of Lead Subacetate. 132 
Solution of Potassium Arsen- 

ite 58 

Solution of Potassium Hy- 
droxide 137 

Solution of Zinc Cliloride. . . 163 

Spanish Fly 74 

Spirit Ammonia 50 

Spirit of Camphor 72 

Spirit of Chloroform 78 

Spirit of Ether 34 

Spirit of Glonoin 155 

Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate. 155 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether 153 

Spirits Vini Gallici 37 

Spiritus Aethcris 34 

Spirotus Aetheris Compositus 34 

Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi 153 

Spiritus Ammoniac 50 

Spiritus Ammoniac Aromati- 

cus 51 

Spiritus Camphorac 72 

Spiritus Chloroform 78 

Spiritus Frumenti 37 

Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. . 155 
Spiritus Juniperi Compositus 37 
Stronger Ammonia Water... 50 

Strvchnina 112 

Strychnine 112 

Strychnine Sulphate 112 

Strychninae Sulphas 112 

Sulphate of Aluminum 45 

Sugar of Lead 131 

Sulphate of Atrophine 64 

Sulphate of Copper 88 

Sulphate of Copper 91 

Sulphate of Iron, Dried 91 

Sulphate of Magnesium 109 

Sulphate of Morphine 123 

Sulphate of Quinine 84 

Sulphate of Strychnine 112 



Sulphate of Zinc 10^0 

Sulphate of Sodium 151 

Sulphur Flowers ICS 

Sulphur Lotum 156 

Sulphur Ointment 156 

Sulphur Precipitatum 156 

Sulphur Sublimatum 156 

Sulphur Sublimed 156 

Sulphur Washed 156 

Sweet Flag 68 

Sweet Oil 114 

Sweet Spirits of Niter 153 

Syrupus Ferri lodidi 92 

Syrup of Ferrous Iodide.... 92 
Tables used in Prescription 

Writing 21 

Tables Regulating the Doses 

for Young Animals 21-22 

Tables of Weights and 

Measures 21 

Tar 130 

Tar Oil 130 

Tar Ointment 130 

Taraxacum 158 

Taraxacum Extract 158 

Taraxacum Fluidcxtract 158 

Tartar Emetic 48 

Terebene 117 

Terebenum 117 

Terpin Hydrate 117 

Terpini Hydras 117 

Tinctura Aconiti 31 

Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae.. 42 

Tinctura Arnicae 56 

Tinctura Belladonnae Folio- 
rum 63 

Tinctura Benzoini 67 

Tinctura Benzoini Composita 67 

Tinctura Cantharidis 74 

Tinctura Capsici 76 

Tinctura Digitalis 90 

Tinctura Calumbae 70 

Tinctura Gambir Composita. 97 
Tinctura Gentianae Compo- 
sita 99 

Tinctura Hydrastis 104 

Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et 

Opii 121 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae 112 

Tinctura Opii 121 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata. . 121 

Tincture Aconite 31 

Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh 42 

Tincture of Arnica 56 

Tincture of Belladonna 

Leaves 63 

Tincture Benzoin 67 

Tincture of Calumba 70 



Tincture of Capsicum 76 

Tincture Cantharides 74 

Tincture of Digitalis 90 

Tincture of Ferric Chloride. . 93 

Tincture Hydrastis 104 

Tincture of Ipecac and 

Opium 121 

Tincture of Nux Vomica. .. .112 

Tincture of Opium 121 

Tincture Quassiae 144 

Tincture Rhei Aromatica. . . .147 

Tincture Zingiberis 139 

Turpentine 116 

Turpentine Liniment 117 

Tincturus Ferri Chloridi.... 93 
Unguentum Belladonnae .... 63 
Unguentum Pisis Liquidae. .130 

Unguentum Sulphuris 156 

Unguentum Zinci Oxide 162 

Vaseline 128 

Vinum Album 38 

Vinum Opii 122 

Vinum Rubrum 38 



Vitriol, Blue 88 

Vitriol, Green 91 

Wand Measures Tables..... 21 

Whisky 37 

White Mustard 148 

White Wine 38 

Wine of Opium 122 

Wine, Red 38 

Wine, White 38 

Yellow Mercusic Oxide 103 

Zinc Acetate ..162 

Zinc Chloride 162 

Zinc Chloride Solution 163 

Zinc Oxide 161 

Zinc Sulphate 160 

Zinc Sulphocarbolate 160 

Zinci Acetas 152 

Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus.161 

Zinci Chloridum 162 

Zinci Oxidum 161 

Zinci Phenolsulphonas J 60 

Zinci Sulphas 160 

Zingiber 159 



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